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Questions and Answers
What is the blood group if neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
What is the blood group if neither GalNAc nor galactose is present?
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of β-amylases.
Humans can digest cellulose due to the presence of β-amylases.
False
What is the function of intestinal disaccharidases?
What is the function of intestinal disaccharidases?
To create monosaccharides from disaccharides.
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM (____ mg/dL).
Blood glucose concentration is maintained at about ____ mM (____ mg/dL).
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Match the following transporters with their corresponding functions:
Match the following transporters with their corresponding functions:
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What is the primary component of glycans in glycoproteins?
What is the primary component of glycans in glycoproteins?
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Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with a small carbohydrate component.
Proteoglycans are primarily composed of proteins with a small carbohydrate component.
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What is the main function of glycoproteins in cell-surface recognition?
What is the main function of glycoproteins in cell-surface recognition?
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are associated with a core protein, forming __________.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are associated with a core protein, forming __________.
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Match the following glycoprotein properties with their descriptions:
Match the following glycoprotein properties with their descriptions:
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Which of the following blood group antigens is determined by the terminal sugar GalNAc?
Which of the following blood group antigens is determined by the terminal sugar GalNAc?
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Amylopectin is a type of carbohydrate that consists of linear chains of glucose.
Amylopectin is a type of carbohydrate that consists of linear chains of glucose.
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What are the key components that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What are the key components that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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All carbohydrates are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
All carbohydrates are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Name one type of bond that forms disaccharides.
Name one type of bond that forms disaccharides.
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The simplest form of carbohydrates is a ______.
The simplest form of carbohydrates is a ______.
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Match the following types of carbohydrates with their classifications:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their classifications:
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Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide?
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide?
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Aldoses have a ketone group in their structure.
Aldoses have a ketone group in their structure.
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Identify two types of carbonyl groups found in monosaccharides.
Identify two types of carbonyl groups found in monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are primarily used for ______.
Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are primarily used for ______.
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a simple carbohydrate?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a simple carbohydrate?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also contain several hydroxyl groups.
- They have the general formula (C·H₂O)ₙ.
- Isomers have the same formula but different structures.
- Example isomers include fructose and glucose (both C₆H₁₂O₆).
Objectives
- Recognize the general structure of carbohydrates
- Classify carbohydrates
- Identify disaccharides
- Identify polysaccharides
- Explain carbohydrate-modified protein structures and their functions.
- Explain carbohydrate digestion.
Carbohydrate Classification
- Classification is based on the number of units.
- Monosaccharides (one unit)
- Disaccharides (two units)
- Oligosaccharides (a few units)
- Polysaccharides (many units)
- A monosaccharide ending in "-ose" is added to the name.
- Types of carbonyl groups include aldose and ketose.
- Number of carbons include triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, and nonose.
- Examples of monosaccharides include:
- Glyceraldehyde (triose)
- Ribose (pentose)
- Glucose (hexose)
- Examples of monosaccharides include:
Monosaccharides
- Aldoses have an aldehyde group on the first carbon.
- Aldopentose sugars have 5 carbons.
- Aldohexose sugars have 6 carbons.
- Ketoses have a ketone group.
- Ketopentose sugars have 5 carbons.
- Ketohexose sugars have 6 carbons.
Disaccharides
- Formed by a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides.
- Examples include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.
- Lactose: galactosyl-β(1→4)-glucose
- Maltose: glucose + glucose
- Sucrose: glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides
- Polymers of monosaccharides.
- Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
- Structure can be linear (cellulose) or branched (glycogen, starch).
- Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants.
- Glycogen is a branched storage polysaccharide in animals.
- Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plants.
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates and proteins can combine.
- Proteoglycans are proteins with attached glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
- Glycoproteins have attached oligosaccharides (glycans).
- Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins.
Glycoprotein Functions
- Cell communication via glycoproteins
- Cell-surface recognition (other cells, hormones, viruses)
- Cell-surface antigenicity (blood groups)
- Immune system function
- Other bodily functions
Digestion
- Enzymes in the mouth and intestines break down glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides.
- Specific enzymes digest different types of glycosidic bonds.
- Starch (α bonds) is partially digested in the mouth and stomach, and fully in the small intestine.
- Cellulose (β bonds) cannot be digested by human enzymes.
Absorption
- Absorption of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) happens in the intestine.
- Different transport mechanisms are used for each.
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Description
Dive into the world of carbohydrates, exploring their structures, classifications, and functions. This quiz covers everything from monosaccharides to polysaccharides, along with their implications in carbohydrate digestion and modified protein structures. Test your understanding of these essential biomolecules.
