Carbohydrates Overview and Types
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a type of monosaccharide?

  • Galactose (correct)
  • Lactose
  • Starch
  • Sucrose

    • Fructose is commonly found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.

    True

    What is the chemical formula ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

    1:2:1

    Glucose, known as the 'brain sugar', plays an important role in _____ development.

    <p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complex carbohydrates are also referred to as simple sugars.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one natural source of galactose.

    <p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following monosaccharides with their common sources:

    <p>Glucose = Found in many fruits Fructose = Commonly found in honey Galactose = Found in milk Sucrose = Commonly found in table sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of triglycerides?

    <p>Glycerol and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides are formed by linking many monosaccharides together.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose + Glucose = ______

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a homopolysaccharide?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the carbohydrate type with its description:

    <p>Disaccharides = Two sugar molecules linked together Oligosaccharides = A few monosaccharides linked together Polysaccharides = Many monosaccharides linked together Monosaccharides = Single sugar units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one source of maltose found in natural foods.

    <p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triglycerides are solid at room temperature and are used by plants for long-term energy storage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipids?

    <p>Long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids create a straight chain structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of phospholipids?

    <p>Glycerol and two fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of hormones such as _____ and _____

    <p>testosterone, estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lipid types with their descriptions:

    <p>Triglycerides = Energy storage molecules Phospholipids = Main components of biological membranes Steroids = Composed of four fused rings Waxes = Waterproofing and protective layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on membrane fluidity?

    <p>They increase membrane fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Integral membrane proteins are loosely attached to the exterior of the membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid is known as the _____ head.

    <p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal component of carnauba wax?

    <p>Myricyl cerotate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids can only be found in animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two functional groups present in the general structure of amino acids?

    <p>Amino group and carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The arrangement in space of the atoms in the peptide backbone is called the __________ structure.

    <p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the amino acid properties with their descriptions:

    <p>Chiral = Nonsuperimposable mirror images Optically active = Can rotate polarized light L-amino acids = Designated as left-handed D-amino acids = Designated as right-handed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is replaced by valine in sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>Glutamic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sphingolipids contain glycerol as part of their structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In amino acids, what does the 'R' group determine?

    <p>The identity of the particular amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogenous bases is classified as a pyrimidine?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin consists of three polypeptide chains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of proteins compared to polypeptides?

    <p>Proteins generally have higher molecular weights than polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous proteins have an overall shape that is spherical.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is found in DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA contains the nitrogenous base _____ instead of thymine.

    <p>uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is a major determinant of secondary structure in proteins?

    <p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Purines = Two carbon-nitrogen rings Pyrimidines = Single carbon-nitrogen rings Oligomer = Molecule made up of a small number of subunits Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of nucleic acids are _____ and _____.

    <p>DNA, RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the backbone of DNA?

    <p>Sugars and phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their characteristics:

    <p>Myoglobin = Globular protein, consists of a single polypeptide chain Hemoglobin = Contains two identical a-chains and two b-chains Fibrous proteins = Shape of long, narrow rods Globular proteins = Shape that is more or less spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA is predominantly involved in DNA replication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes hydrophobic interactions in proteins?

    <p>Nonpolar residues cluster together in the protein's interior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

    <p>Oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrostatic attraction occurs between like-charged groups on the surface of a molecule.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does DNA play in a cell?

    <p>Controls cellular activities by regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include simple sugars (small ring structures) and complex carbohydrates (long chains).
    • Also known as sugars.
    • The ratio of elements in carbohydrates is 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen).
    • Simple sugars are important in diets; examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

    Types of Monosaccharides

    • Glucose: A primary energy source; found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.
    • Fructose: Sweet taste; found in fruits and honey.
    • Galactose: "Brain sugar"; supports brain development in infants; part of lactose (milk sugar).

    Types of Disaccharides

    • Lactose: Glucose + Galactose; found in milk
    • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose; "table sugar"; found in fruits and vegetables.
    • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose; found naturally in some foods (e.g. cooked sweet potatoes, pears).

    Polysaccharides

    • Formed by linking many monosaccharides.
    • Examples include glycogen (energy storage in animals), starch (plant energy storage), and cellulose (structural component in plants).

    Lipids

    • Lipids are hydrophobic biomolecules.

    • They play a key role in energy storage in living organisms.

    • Categories of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

      • Triglycerides: Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp). Used for long-term energy storage. Composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
      • Phospholipids: Similar to triglycerides; contain a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; critical in cell membranes.
      • Steroids: Composed of four fused carbon rings; examples include cholesterol, which helps stabilize cell membranes.
      • Waxes: Complex mixtures of esters; act as protective coatings in plants and animals.

    Nucleic Acids

    • The genetic blueprint of cells. Contains instructions for cell functions.
    • Two main types: DNA and RNA.
      • DNA: Double helix structure; composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine).
      • RNA: Single-stranded structure; composed of ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil); involved in protein synthesis. -Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, microRNA

    Protein

    • Proteins are complex molecules composed of amino acids.
    • Critical for various cellular functions.
    • 4 Levels of structural organization:
      • Primary: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
      • Secondary: Localized folding or twisting of polypeptide chain (e.g. alpha helix, beta pleated sheet).
      • Tertiary: Overall 3D structure of the protein; interactions of side chains influencing folds.
      • Quaternary: Structure of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain; how multiple chains interact.

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    Carbohydrates Reviewer in General Biology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, including their composition, types, and importance in our diet. Explore the various kinds of sugars such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides to deepen your understanding of these essential macromolecules.

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