Carbohydrates Overview and Types
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a type of monosaccharide?

  • Galactose (correct)
  • Lactose
  • Starch
  • Sucrose

Fructose is commonly found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.

True (A)

What is the chemical formula ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

Glucose, known as the 'brain sugar', plays an important role in _____ development.

<p>brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose?

<p>Sucrose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complex carbohydrates are also referred to as simple sugars.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one natural source of galactose.

<p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following monosaccharides with their common sources:

<p>Glucose = Found in many fruits Fructose = Commonly found in honey Galactose = Found in milk Sucrose = Commonly found in table sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of triglycerides?

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysaccharides are formed by linking many monosaccharides together.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?

<p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose + Glucose = ______

<p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a homopolysaccharide?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the carbohydrate type with its description:

<p>Disaccharides = Two sugar molecules linked together Oligosaccharides = A few monosaccharides linked together Polysaccharides = Many monosaccharides linked together Monosaccharides = Single sugar units</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one source of maltose found in natural foods.

<p>Honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

Triglycerides are solid at room temperature and are used by plants for long-term energy storage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids?

<p>Long-term energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids create a straight chain structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of phospholipids?

<p>Glycerol and two fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of hormones such as _____ and _____

<p>testosterone, estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipid types with their descriptions:

<p>Triglycerides = Energy storage molecules Phospholipids = Main components of biological membranes Steroids = Composed of four fused rings Waxes = Waterproofing and protective layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on membrane fluidity?

<p>They increase membrane fluidity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Integral membrane proteins are loosely attached to the exterior of the membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid is known as the _____ head.

<p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal component of carnauba wax?

<p>Myricyl cerotate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids can only be found in animals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functional groups present in the general structure of amino acids?

<p>Amino group and carboxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrangement in space of the atoms in the peptide backbone is called the __________ structure.

<p>secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the amino acid properties with their descriptions:

<p>Chiral = Nonsuperimposable mirror images Optically active = Can rotate polarized light L-amino acids = Designated as left-handed D-amino acids = Designated as right-handed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is replaced by valine in sickle-cell anemia?

<p>Glutamic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sphingolipids contain glycerol as part of their structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In amino acids, what does the 'R' group determine?

<p>The identity of the particular amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is classified as a pyrimidine?

<p>Cytosine (B), Thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin consists of three polypeptide chains.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of proteins compared to polypeptides?

<p>Proteins generally have higher molecular weights than polypeptides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibrous proteins have an overall shape that is spherical.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sugar is found in DNA?

<p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA contains the nitrogenous base _____ instead of thymine.

<p>uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is a major determinant of secondary structure in proteins?

<p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

<p>Purines = Two carbon-nitrogen rings Pyrimidines = Single carbon-nitrogen rings Oligomer = Molecule made up of a small number of subunits Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two types of nucleic acids are _____ and _____.

<p>DNA, RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the backbone of DNA?

<p>Sugars and phosphates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following proteins with their characteristics:

<p>Myoglobin = Globular protein, consists of a single polypeptide chain Hemoglobin = Contains two identical a-chains and two b-chains Fibrous proteins = Shape of long, narrow rods Globular proteins = Shape that is more or less spherical</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA is predominantly involved in DNA replication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hydrophobic interactions in proteins?

<p>Nonpolar residues cluster together in the protein's interior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin?

<p>Oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrostatic attraction occurs between like-charged groups on the surface of a molecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA play in a cell?

<p>Controls cellular activities by regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars; building blocks of all carbohydrates; compounds containing a single carbonyl group and two or more hydroxyl groups.

Glucose

A monosaccharide, important energy source, nourishes the brain.

Fructose

A monosaccharide, commonly found in fruits and some vegetables.

Galactose

A monosaccharide, also known as "milk sugar"; important for infant brain development.

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Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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Lactose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; found in milk.

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Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose; also known as table sugar.

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Carbohydrates

Macromolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including both simple and complex carbohydrates.

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Oligosaccharides

A few monosaccharides linked together.

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Homopolysaccharide

A polysaccharide made of only one type of monosaccharide.

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Heteropolysaccharide

A polysaccharide made of more than one type of monosaccharide.

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Polymer

A large molecule made by joining many smaller molecules (monomers).

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Triglycerides

Fats and oils; long-term energy storage molecules.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.

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Cis Configuration

The most common arrangement of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids; creates a bent shape.

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Trans Configuration

An arrangement of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids; mostly straight-like saturated fatty acids.

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Phospholipid Structure

Lipids containing glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

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Biological Membrane Fluidity

The ease with which molecules can move within a membrane; unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity.

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Steroid Structure

Four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached.

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Cholesterol function

A steroid that stabilizes cell membranes and is a precursor to other steroids.

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Integral Membrane Protein

Proteins deeply embedded within the cell membrane, interacting with the hydrophobic tails of lipids.

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What is a prosthetic group?

A non-protein component that is essential for the function of a protein. It can be an organic molecule or a metal ion.

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What is Heme?

A complex molecule containing iron that's essential for carrying oxygen in the blood.

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What is a subunit?

A single polypeptide chain that makes up a larger protein.

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What is Quaternary Structure?

The arrangement and interaction of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein with multiple subunits.

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What are non-covalent interactions?

Weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic interactions, that stabilize protein structure.

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What is a tetramer?

A protein with four polypeptide subunits.

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What is Hemoglobin?

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

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What is a nitrogenous base?

One of the building blocks of DNA and RNA, containing nitrogen.

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Polypeptide

A chain of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Generally smaller than proteins, with molecular weights below 10,000.

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Protein

A large molecule made of one or more polypeptide chains, folded into a specific three-dimensional structure. Typically have molecular weights above 10,000.

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein chain. This sequence dictates the protein's overall structure and function.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding patterns of a polypeptide chain, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which arise from hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.

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Tertiary Structure

The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between side chains, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The shape is essential for function.

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Quaternary Structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein, stabilized by interactions between them.

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Fibrous Protein

A protein with a long, narrow, rod-like shape. These proteins are often structural, providing support and strength.

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Globular Protein

A protein with a compact, spherical shape. These proteins are often involved in enzymatic activity or transport.

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Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids are organic molecules containing an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain (R) attached to a central carbon atom (alpha carbon).

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Chirality in Amino Acids

Chirality refers to the property of molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Amino acids exist in two forms: L-form and D-form, based on their ability to rotate polarized light.

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What determines an amino acid's identity?

The side chain (R group) attached to the alpha carbon determines the identity of a specific amino acid. Each amino acid has a unique R group with different properties.

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Sphingolipids

Sphingolipids are lipids that are not based on glycerol. Instead, they contain the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine. Ceramides, the simplest sphingolipids, consist of a fatty acid linked to sphingosine by an amide bond.

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Carnauba Wax

Carnauba wax is a natural wax primarily composed of myricyl cerotate. It's widely used in floor wax and automotive wax due to its hard, glossy, and water-resistant properties.

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Primary Structure of Proteins

The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. This sequence is crucial for determining the protein's function.

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Sickle-Cell Anemia

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. This mutation replaces glutamic acid with valine at position six of the beta chain, leading to deformed red blood cells.

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Secondary Structure of Proteins

Secondary structure refers to the local three-dimensional arrangement of the polypeptide backbone. Common structures include alpha-helices and beta-sheets, formed by hydrogen bonding.

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Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include simple sugars (small ring structures) and complex carbohydrates (long chains).
  • Also known as sugars.
  • The ratio of elements in carbohydrates is 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen).
  • Simple sugars are important in diets; examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Types of Monosaccharides

  • Glucose: A primary energy source; found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.
  • Fructose: Sweet taste; found in fruits and honey.
  • Galactose: "Brain sugar"; supports brain development in infants; part of lactose (milk sugar).

Types of Disaccharides

  • Lactose: Glucose + Galactose; found in milk
  • Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose; "table sugar"; found in fruits and vegetables.
  • Maltose: Glucose + Glucose; found naturally in some foods (e.g. cooked sweet potatoes, pears).

Polysaccharides

  • Formed by linking many monosaccharides.
  • Examples include glycogen (energy storage in animals), starch (plant energy storage), and cellulose (structural component in plants).

Lipids

  • Lipids are hydrophobic biomolecules.

  • They play a key role in energy storage in living organisms.

  • Categories of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

    • Triglycerides: Fats (solid at room temp) and oils (liquid at room temp). Used for long-term energy storage. Composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
    • Phospholipids: Similar to triglycerides; contain a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; critical in cell membranes.
    • Steroids: Composed of four fused carbon rings; examples include cholesterol, which helps stabilize cell membranes.
    • Waxes: Complex mixtures of esters; act as protective coatings in plants and animals.

Nucleic Acids

  • The genetic blueprint of cells. Contains instructions for cell functions.
  • Two main types: DNA and RNA.
    • DNA: Double helix structure; composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine).
    • RNA: Single-stranded structure; composed of ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil); involved in protein synthesis. -Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, microRNA

Protein

  • Proteins are complex molecules composed of amino acids.
  • Critical for various cellular functions.
  • 4 Levels of structural organization:
    • Primary: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
    • Secondary: Localized folding or twisting of polypeptide chain (e.g. alpha helix, beta pleated sheet).
    • Tertiary: Overall 3D structure of the protein; interactions of side chains influencing folds.
    • Quaternary: Structure of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain; how multiple chains interact.

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This quiz covers the basics of carbohydrates, including their composition, types, and importance in our diet. Explore the various kinds of sugars such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides to deepen your understanding of these essential macromolecules.

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