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Questions and Answers
What type of glycosidic bonds do starch and cellulose primarily contain?
What type of glycosidic bonds do starch and cellulose primarily contain?
Humans can digest cellulose effectively.
Humans can digest cellulose effectively.
False
What is the role of SGLT-1 in the intestine?
What is the role of SGLT-1 in the intestine?
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) facilitates the absorption of glucose and galactose.
Blood glucose concentration is generally maintained at about _____ mM.
Blood glucose concentration is generally maintained at about _____ mM.
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Match the following transporters with their specific functions:
Match the following transporters with their specific functions:
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Which polysaccharide is composed of both amylose and amylopectin?
Which polysaccharide is composed of both amylose and amylopectin?
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Glycoproteins primarily consist of more than 60% carbohydrates.
Glycoproteins primarily consist of more than 60% carbohydrates.
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What is the main function of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
What is the main function of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix?
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Proteoglycans are formed by negatively charged __________ chains associated with a core protein.
Proteoglycans are formed by negatively charged __________ chains associated with a core protein.
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What type of glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins?
What type of glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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The terminal sugar on a glycan determines blood group classification.
The terminal sugar on a glycan determines blood group classification.
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What are the two primary types of molecules found in the extracellular matrix?
What are the two primary types of molecules found in the extracellular matrix?
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Which of the following correctly describes carbohydrates?
Which of the following correctly describes carbohydrates?
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Disaccharides are made up of three monosaccharides joined together.
Disaccharides are made up of three monosaccharides joined together.
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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The glycosidic bond joins two __________ to form a disaccharide.
The glycosidic bond joins two __________ to form a disaccharide.
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Match the type of carbohydrate with its description:
Match the type of carbohydrate with its description:
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Which of these is a correct classification of carbohydrates?
Which of these is a correct classification of carbohydrates?
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Both starch and cellulose are examples of structural polysaccharides.
Both starch and cellulose are examples of structural polysaccharides.
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Name one example of a storage polysaccharide.
Name one example of a storage polysaccharide.
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Aldoses and __________ are the two types of monosaccharides based on the carbonyl group.
Aldoses and __________ are the two types of monosaccharides based on the carbonyl group.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of ketoses?
Which of the following is a characteristic of ketoses?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are a group of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also contain several hydroxyl groups.
- General formula: (CH₂O)ₙ
- Carbohydrates can change in sore conditions, such as having less oxygen or more nitrogen.
- Isomers have the same formula but different structures.
- Fructose and glucose have the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆).
- Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of units.
- Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
- The "-ose" suffix is added to names of carbohydrates.
- Carbohydrates can be classified by the type of carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and number of carbons (triose, tetrose, etc.).
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates.
- They are categorized as aldoses or ketoses, based on the carbonyl group's position.
- The number of carbons determines the specific name (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, etc.).
- Examples include glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose.
- Aldoses contain an aldehyde functional group on the first carbon.
- Ketoses contain a ketone functional group other than the first carbon.
- Some monosaccharides have isomers.
- Isomers have different structures.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
- A glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides.
- There are several types of disaccharides, including maltose, lactose, and sucrose.
- Each is made up of different monosaccharides and contains a glycosidic bond.
- Maltose is formed by combining two glucose molecules.
- Lactose is made up of glucose and galactose.
- Sucrose is made of glucose and fructose.
Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides have many functions in different organisms.
- Polysaccharides are important in energy storage and structural components.
- Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides.
- Starch is found in plants and stored glucose for energy.
- Glycogen is an animal energy-storage polymer.
- Cellulose is a structural component in the plant cell wall.
- Starch can be divided into amylose and amylopectin.
- Both amylose and amylopectin are composed of glucose units.
Protein-Carbohydrate Structures
- Carbohydrates and proteins can sometimes occur together.
- Proteoglycans contain a high proportion of carbohydrate to protein.
- Glycoproteins contain a smaller carbohydrate proportion of protein.
- Glycoproteins have covalent oligosaccharides attached.
- Glycosylation affects protein function.
Digestion
- Digestion involves breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
- Enzymes break down these bonds.
- Alpha-amylase is an example in the mouth.
- Glycosidase enzymes degrade glycosidic bonds.
- Starch is broken down into smaller sugars.
- Intestinal disaccharidases further break down disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Absorption
- Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in metabolism.
- Different transporters, such as SGLT-1 and GLUT-2, are involved.
- Sodium dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT-1) and GLUT-5, are examples of transporters.
- GLUT-2 helps in the absorption of glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Carbohydrates are central to energy metabolism.
- Blood glucose levels are usually maintained at a specific range for proper bodily function.
- Low or high blood glucose for an extended time can be problematic.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates, focusing on their classification, structure, and specific types like monosaccharides. This quiz covers essential concepts including isomerism, the general formula, and the different categories of carbohydrates. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of these vital biomolecules.
