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Questions and Answers
Which disaccharide is produced during seed germination?
What type of sugar is sucrose classified as?
Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose?
What typically happens to lactose in individuals with lactose intolerance?
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Which of the following is NOT a group of polysaccharides?
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How does the body utilize glycogen?
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Where is glycogen primarily stored in the human body?
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Which of the following carbohydrates consists of many glucose units bound together?
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What is the main storage form of glucose in plants?
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What are the byproducts of bacterial digestion of lactose in the large intestine?
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What is a consequence of high carbohydrate intake related to insulin?
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What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the body?
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What defines the fasting plasma glucose level for diagnosing diabetes?
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Which type of fiber is associated with lowering cholesterol and glucose levels?
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Type 1 diabetes is primarily characterized by which of the following?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with high carbohydrate intake?
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What is a consequence of consuming excess carbohydrates that are not used by the body?
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Which of the following is considered an unhealthy source of carbohydrates?
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In type 2 diabetes, what occurs at the cellular level?
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What is one of the key outcomes of chronic high blood glucose levels?
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What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of carbohydrates for children and adults?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of insoluble fibers?
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What percentage of daily caloric intake from carbohydrates is suggested for a 2,000 kilocalorie diet?
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How do soluble fibers contribute to health?
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Which term describes carbohydrates that may lead to weight gain and promote diabetes?
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What effect do insoluble fibers have on cancer risk?
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What is the maximum daily intake of added sugars recommended by the American Heart Association?
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What is a potential negative consequence of excessive fiber intake?
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What is ketosis primarily a result of?
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What daily fiber intake does the American Dietetic Association recommend?
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Which condition can arise from high levels of ketone bodies in the blood?
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What can be a symptom of ketosis?
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What is the recommended upper limit for daily fiber intake according to the World Health Organization?
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What is one potential health problem related to high sugar intake?
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What effect does excessive fiber intake have on vitamin levels?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of ketone bodies?
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What is the primary distinction between simple and complex carbohydrates?
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Which of the following carbohydrates is considered a monosaccharide?
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Which monosaccharide is known to increase blood sugar levels the quickest after ingestion?
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What does the term 'carbo' in carbohydrates refer to?
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What is the primary source of fructose in food?
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Which type of carbohydrate is absorbed incompletely in the small intestine?
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What is the function of galactose in the diet?
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Which carbohydrate type is classified based on the speed of energy release?
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Which carbohydrate primarily serves as blood sugar?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates Overview
- Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1.
- Classified into two main types: simple (fast-releasing) and complex (slow-releasing).
Simple Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides: Single sugar units that cannot be broken down further. Examples include:
- Glucose: Essential energy source, known as blood sugar.
- Fructose: Naturally sweet, found in honey and fruits, also known as fruit sugar.
- Galactose: Typically found in milk sugar, released during digestion.
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Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides; always includes glucose.
- Maltose: Glucose + glucose (produced during germination and fermentation).
- Sucrose: Glucose + fructose (table sugar).
- Lactose: Glucose + galactose (milk sugar).
Absorption of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine; glucose and galactose are absorbed quickly, while fructose is absorbed more slowly.
- Disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides before absorption.
Lactose Intolerance
- Caused by insufficient lactase enzyme, leading to undigested lactose in the large intestine, resulting in symptoms like diarrhea and bloating.
Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
- Composed of many glucose units linked together; includes starches, glycogen, and fibers.
- Starches: Storage form of glucose in plants, found in whole grains, nuts, and legumes.
- Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals, stored in liver and muscles.
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Fibers: Indigestible complex carbohydrates with two types:
- Soluble Fibers: Digestible by bacteria, found in fruits and oats; help lower cholesterol and glucose levels.
- Insoluble Fibers: Non-digestible, found in whole grains and vegetables; promote bowel movements and prevent constipation.
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Provide energy and fuel for muscles.
- Support central nervous system function.
- Prevent protein from being used for energy and enable fat metabolism.
Recommended Carbohydrate Intake
- RDA: 130 grams per day for children and adults; minimum needed for brain function.
- AMDR: 45-65% of total caloric intake; equates to 225-325 grams on a 2,000 kcal diet.
Sugar Intake and Recommendations
- Limit added sugars per American Heart Association guidelines to avoid empty calories and dental caries.
- Daily fiber intake: recommended range of 20-35 grams, with a maximum of 40 grams suggested by the World Health Organization.
Problems with High Sugar Intake
- Contributes to unwanted calories.
- Risk of dental caries.
Problems with Low Carbohydrate Intake
- Severe restriction (below 20 grams/day) can lead to ketosis, an alternative energy source formed when glucose is insufficient.
- Side effects of ketosis: acidity in blood, potential vitamin and mineral deficiencies, headaches, and fatigue.
Problems with High Carbohydrate Intake
- May stimulate insulin release, increasing blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol.
- Risk of developing diabetes, leading to increased hunger and cardiovascular disease.
Diabetes Overview
- Diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are excessively high, indicating potential insulin issues.
- Diagnosis: Fasting plasma glucose test; normal levels are less than 100 mg/dL, pre-diabetes 100-125 mg/dL, diabetes 126 mg/dL or greater.
Types of Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes: Often diagnosed in children, autoimmune condition preventing insulin production; requires regular insulin administration.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance, affecting glucose metabolism and increasing blood sugar levels; common in adults, can lead to organ damage over time.
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Description
This quiz focuses on carbohydrates, including their definition, classification, and the absorption processes. It also covers their functions, recommended intake levels, and the implications of high or low intake. Additionally, the quiz addresses diabetes management, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia.
