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What type of bond links glucose units in amylose?
What type of bond links glucose units in amylose?
Which polysaccharide serves as the major structural component in plant cell walls?
Which polysaccharide serves as the major structural component in plant cell walls?
What prevents humans from digesting cellulose?
What prevents humans from digesting cellulose?
Which type of polysaccharide is primarily stored in liver and muscle tissues of animals?
Which type of polysaccharide is primarily stored in liver and muscle tissues of animals?
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What is the primary composition of glycosaminoglycans?
What is the primary composition of glycosaminoglycans?
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What is the primary biological function of carbohydrates?
What is the primary biological function of carbohydrates?
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What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
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Which type of carbohydrate consists of 3 to 9 sugar units?
Which type of carbohydrate consists of 3 to 9 sugar units?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
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Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is accurate?
Which of the following statements about polysaccharides is accurate?
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What are glucoconjugates composed of?
What are glucoconjugates composed of?
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What is a common characteristic of monosaccharides?
What is a common characteristic of monosaccharides?
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Which carbohydrate serves as a stored form of energy in animals?
Which carbohydrate serves as a stored form of energy in animals?
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Which molecule serves as a major source of energy in humans?
Which molecule serves as a major source of energy in humans?
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What is the primary characteristic of aldoses?
What is the primary characteristic of aldoses?
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Which monosaccharide is a key component in RNA structure?
Which monosaccharide is a key component in RNA structure?
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What feature distinguishes α-sugars from β-sugars?
What feature distinguishes α-sugars from β-sugars?
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What type of bond links the two α-glucose molecules in maltose?
What type of bond links the two α-glucose molecules in maltose?
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Which monosaccharide is primarily found in glycoprotein in plants?
Which monosaccharide is primarily found in glycoprotein in plants?
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What type of structure is formed when an aldehyde reacts with an OH group at C4 or C5?
What type of structure is formed when an aldehyde reacts with an OH group at C4 or C5?
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Which disaccharide is composed of β-glucose and β-galactose?
Which disaccharide is composed of β-glucose and β-galactose?
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What distinguishes sucrose from maltose and lactose?
What distinguishes sucrose from maltose and lactose?
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What is optical activity in substances with asymmetric carbon atoms?
What is optical activity in substances with asymmetric carbon atoms?
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Which sugar is known to be the main sugar component in semen?
Which sugar is known to be the main sugar component in semen?
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What is the source of cellobiose?
What is the source of cellobiose?
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Which sugar is commonly referred to as malt sugar?
Which sugar is commonly referred to as malt sugar?
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What type of sugar is sedoheptulose?
What type of sugar is sedoheptulose?
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Which of the following sugars is involved in the synthesis of lactose?
Which of the following sugars is involved in the synthesis of lactose?
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What is the general formula for disaccharides?
What is the general formula for disaccharides?
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Isomaltose is formed during the digestion of which carbohydrate?
Isomaltose is formed during the digestion of which carbohydrate?
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What type of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
What type of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
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Which carbohydrate serves primarily as glucose storage in plants?
Which carbohydrate serves primarily as glucose storage in plants?
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What type of sugars do heteropolysaccharides contain?
What type of sugars do heteropolysaccharides contain?
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What is the result of combining dextro- and levo- forms of sugars in a racemic mixture?
What is the result of combining dextro- and levo- forms of sugars in a racemic mixture?
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What type of isomers differ only in the configuration of one chiral center?
What type of isomers differ only in the configuration of one chiral center?
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How many isomers of glucose are there based on its four asymmetric carbon atoms?
How many isomers of glucose are there based on its four asymmetric carbon atoms?
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Which of the following correctly describes aldonic acids?
Which of the following correctly describes aldonic acids?
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What defines an anomer in sugar chemistry?
What defines an anomer in sugar chemistry?
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What distinguishes D-forms of monosaccharides from L-forms?
What distinguishes D-forms of monosaccharides from L-forms?
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Which sugar alcohol is produced when glucose is reduced?
Which sugar alcohol is produced when glucose is reduced?
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How does fructose compare to glucose in terms of structure?
How does fructose compare to glucose in terms of structure?
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What is a characteristic feature of deoxysugars?
What is a characteristic feature of deoxysugars?
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The number of isomers is calculated using which formula where n is the number of asymmetric carbons?
The number of isomers is calculated using which formula where n is the number of asymmetric carbons?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates: Overview
- Carbohydrates are compounds crucial for biological processes.
- They provide energy through oxidation.
- They supply carbon for synthesizing components like ribose in nucleic acids.
- They act as stored chemical energy in cells and tissues.
- Carbohydrates are part of the structure of some cells and tissues.
- Together with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other compounds, they are known as biomolecules.
- The term "carbohydrate" originates from the observation that heating sugars produces carbon and water.
- Carbohydrates have the general formula (C H₂O)n, hence the name "hydrates of carbon".
- Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, essential components in many foods (e.g., bread, pasta, rice).
Carbohydrate Structure
- Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols.
- They are also categorized as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones.
- These compounds are also referred to as saccharides.
Biological Importance of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals.
- They constitute approximately 60% of the human diet.
- They are primary energy sources, exemplified by glucose.
- They serve as storage forms of energy, such as glycogen.
- Carbohydrates participate in the biosynthesis of essential compounds like ATP, DNA, RNA, and receptors.
- Some carbohydrates combine with lipids (glycolipids) or proteins (glycoproteins) to form components of cell membranes.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Classified by the number of sugar units:
- Monosaccharides (1 sugar unit): Sweet and soluble sugars.
- Disaccharides (2 sugar units): Sweet and soluble component.
- Oligosaccharides (3-9 sugar units)
- Polysaccharides (≥ 10 sugar units): Polymers; not sweet or soluble.
- Glucoconjugates (carbohydrate + non-carbohydrate parts): Carbohydrate molecules with added non-carbohydrate components.
Monosaccharides
- Simple sugars; the fundamental unit of carbohydrates.
- Classified by the number of carbon atoms and the type of carbonyl group they contain (either aldehyde or ketone).
- Examples include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses.
- Specific types of monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, ribose, etc.
Isomerism
- Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
- Structural isomers: Different arrangement of atoms. Glucose and fructose are examples.
- Stereoisomers: Same arrangement of atoms but different spatial arrangements. Enantiomers are mirror-image stereoisomers (D and L forms). Epimers differ in configuration at only one chiral center. Examples include D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose. Anomers differ in configuration around an anomeric center
- The number of possible monosaccharide isomers depends on the number of asymmetric carbon atoms.
Sugar Derivatives
- A- Sugar Acids: Formed by oxidizing the carbonyl carbon or the last hydroxyl carbon. Examples include gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, and glucaric acid.
- B- Sugar Alcohols: Formed by reducing the carbonyl group. Examples include sorbitol and mannitol.
- C- Deoxysugars: One hydroxyl group replaced by a hydrogen. Deoxyribose is an example.
- D- Amino Sugars: Some hydroxyl groups replaced by amino groups. Glucosamine and galactosamine are examples.
1-4 Disaccharides
- Maltose: Two glucose units linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. Found in malt.
- Isomaltose: Two glucose units linked by an α(1→6) glycosidic bond.
- Cellobiose: Two glucose units linked by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.
1-4 Disaccharides
- Lactose: β-glucose and β-galactose linked by a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.
- Sucrose: α-glucose and β-fructose linked by an α(1→2) β(1→2) glycosidic bond. Known as table sugar.
Polysaccharides
- Polymers consisting of many monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Homopolysaccharides: Composed of the same type of monosaccharides:
- Starch: Glucose units linked by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds.
- Glycogen: Branched glucose polymer; stored in animals.
- Cellulose: Linear polymer of glucose units linked by β(1→4) glycosidic bonds.
- Other homopolysaccharides: (e.g., dextrans)
- Heteropolysaccharides: Composed of several different types of monosaccharides:
- Mucopolysaccharides: Group of heteropolysaccharides.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of carbohydrates, their functions, and their roles in both plants and animals. This quiz covers essential concepts related to polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and their biological significance in living organisms.
