Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives

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Questions and Answers

Which process allows galactose to be transformed into glucose?

Conversion in the liver (correct)
Oxidation in the intestine
Synthesis in the pancreas
Fermentation in the stomach

What is the primary function of galactose in the mammary gland?

To make lactose (correct)
To detoxify substances
To produce glucose
To assist digestion

Which of the following is produced when galactose undergoes mild oxidation?

Galactonic acid (correct)
Galacturonic acid
Mucic acid
Gluconic acid

How does glucuronic acid function in the body?

To detoxify substances and increase water solubility (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of acid is produced when oxidation conditions are strong?

Dicarboxylic acid (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar undergoes the same transformation as galactose under moderate oxidation conditions?

Mannose to mannuronic acid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of mucic acid?

It forms insoluble crystals. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about derived carbohydrates is accurate?

They are created through various chemical reactions involving carbohydrates. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar directly converts to gluconic acid under mild oxidation conditions?

Glucose (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Galactose

Sweetest sugar
Converted to glucose in the liver
Synthesized in the mammary gland to make lactose (milk sugar)
Component of glycoproteins

Derived Carbohydrates

Formed by chemical reactions from carbohydrates
Examples: sugar acids

Sugar Acids

Formed by oxidation of sugars
Include aldonic acids, uronic acids, and saccharic acids

Aldonic Acids

Formed by mild oxidation of sugars
Glucose becomes gluconic acid
Mannose becomes mannonic acid
Galactose becomes galactonic acid

Uronic Acids

Formed by moderate oxidation of sugars
Glucose becomes glucuronic acid
Mannose becomes mannuronic acid
Galactose becomes galacturonic acid
Glucuronic acid is used for detoxification and heteropolysaccharide synthesis

Saccharic Acids

Formed by strong oxidation of sugars
Glucose becomes glucosaccharic acid
Mannose becomes mannaric acid
Galactose becomes mucic acid
Mucic acid forms insoluble crystals, used to identify galactose

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates with a focus on galactose and its derivatives. This quiz covers various carbohydrate types, their synthesis, and the biochemical transformations they undergo. Test your knowledge on sugar acids and their functions in biological systems.