Carbohydrates and Their Composition

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the composition of sucrose?

Two α-D-glucose units

One α-D-glucose and one β-D-fructose (correct)

Two β-D-galactose units

One α-D-glucose and one β-D-galactose

Which disaccharide is known as milk sugar?

Trehalose

Maltose

Lactose (correct)

Sucrose

What are homopolysaccharides primarily composed of?

A mixture of monosaccharides and disaccharides

Different types of monosaccharides

Branched and multiple monosaccharide types

Only one type of monosaccharide (correct)

Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily used for energy storage in plants?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic bond connects the monosaccharides in lactose?

β (1 - 4) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about polysaccharides is correct?

They can consist of both linear and branched structures. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates heteropolysaccharides from homopolysaccharides?

Heteropolysaccharides are made from multiple types of monosaccharide units. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of disaccharides?

They are composed of three monosaccharide units. Signup and view all the answers

What is the configuration of the majority of naturally occurring monosaccharides in mammalian tissues?

D-configuration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixture does not exhibit any optical activity?

Racemic mixture Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for monosaccharides that differ in configuration around a single specific carbon atom?

Epimers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars are classified as C4-epimers?

Glucose and Galactose Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the change in specific optical rotation during the interconversion of α and β forms of D-glucose?

Mutarotation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other?

Enantiomers Signup and view all the answers

Which carbon is referred to as the anomeric carbon in cyclic forms of D-glucose?

C1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding mutarotation?

It results in an equilibrium mixture. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary elements that compose carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which empirical formula typically represents carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy yield of carbohydrates upon oxidation?

4 Cal/g Signup and view all the answers

What role do carbohydrates play in cellular structures?

They participate in the structure of cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of ketones?

The carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?

They act as precursors for many organic compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate serves as a storage form of energy in the body?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

How can carbohydrates be defined chemically?

As polyhydroxyaldehydes or ketones. Signup and view all the answers

What type of glycosidic linkages are present in amylose?

α-1, 4 glycosidic linkages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes glycogen?

It is similar to amylopectin but with more branches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason cellulose cannot be digested by mammals?

Mammals lack the enzyme to cleave β-glycosidic bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about inulin is false?

It is utilized by the body for energy. Signup and view all the answers

Chitin is primarily found in which of the following?

Invertebrate exoskeletons Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrates are heteropolysaccharides composed of?

Different types of sugars or their derivatives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes mucopolysaccharides?

They are linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units. Signup and view all the answers

What makes amylopectin distinct from amylose?

It has α-1, 6 glycosidic linkages at branching points. Signup and view all the answers

How are oligosaccharides classified?

They have 2-10 monosaccharide units. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural feature that leads to stereoisomerism in monosaccharides?

The presence of asymmetric carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding polysaccharides?

They can be classified into two types: homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a D- or L-isomer in relation to monosaccharides?

The orientation of the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of isomers of glucose, given it has 4 asymmetric carbons?

16 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT belong to the classification of carbohydrates?

Lactate Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a homopolysaccharide?

It is composed of only one type of monosaccharide. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of mucopolysaccharides?

They are modified with carboxylate or sulphated groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of agar?

D-galactose and an L-galactose derivative Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes glycoproteins from mucoproteins?

Mucoproteins contain more than 4% carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What role does lysozyme play concerning peptidoglycan?

It hydrolyzes the β-1,4 glycosidic bonds between NAM and NAG. Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is mentioned as a component of glycoproteins?

Mannose Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary fiber is primarily derived from apples and citrus fruits?

Pectin Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mucoprotein' refer to in comparison with glycoprotein?

It is used specifically for glycoproteins with high carbohydrate concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What provides mechanical strength to bacterial cell walls?

Peptidoglycan Signup and view all the answers