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What term is used for starch that yields glucose upon hydrolysis?
What term is used for starch that yields glucose upon hydrolysis?
Which of the following describes the physical state of sugar?
Which of the following describes the physical state of sugar?
What is a key characteristic of sucrose in relation to its taste?
What is a key characteristic of sucrose in relation to its taste?
What is the process by which dextrose is usually obtained?
What is the process by which dextrose is usually obtained?
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What is the main sugar obtained from cow's milk?
What is the main sugar obtained from cow's milk?
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Which process separates fat globules from milk to form butter?
Which process separates fat globules from milk to form butter?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of sucrose?
Which of the following is NOT a use of sucrose?
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Which polysaccharide is characterized as insoluble in cold water?
Which polysaccharide is characterized as insoluble in cold water?
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What is the result of treating skimmed milk with rennin?
What is the result of treating skimmed milk with rennin?
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What type of milk product is prepared by partial evaporation and autoclaving?
What type of milk product is prepared by partial evaporation and autoclaving?
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What is the primary purpose of sugar acting as a demulcent?
What is the primary purpose of sugar acting as a demulcent?
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Lactulose is formed from which sugar?
Lactulose is formed from which sugar?
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What is a significant property of dextrose in pharmaceutical applications?
What is a significant property of dextrose in pharmaceutical applications?
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Which condition is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of segments of the alimentary tract?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of segments of the alimentary tract?
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Xylose is primarily obtained from which material?
Xylose is primarily obtained from which material?
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What is the role of lactose in infants' food?
What is the role of lactose in infants' food?
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What is the primary classification of brandy and whiskey based on their effects on the central nervous system?
What is the primary classification of brandy and whiskey based on their effects on the central nervous system?
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Which of the following alcohols is produced from the fermentation of sucrose?
Which of the following alcohols is produced from the fermentation of sucrose?
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What is the primary use of mannitol in medical applications?
What is the primary use of mannitol in medical applications?
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Sorbitol is primarily known for its use in which of the following products?
Sorbitol is primarily known for its use in which of the following products?
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What property of dulcitol makes it significant in pharmaceutical formulations?
What property of dulcitol makes it significant in pharmaceutical formulations?
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What is the primary component of amylopectin?
What is the primary component of amylopectin?
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Which of the following starches is more soluble in water?
Which of the following starches is more soluble in water?
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What color does starch produce in the iodine (I₂) test?
What color does starch produce in the iodine (I₂) test?
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Which enzyme hydrolyzes starch by random splitting of 2,1-4 - glucosidic linkages?
Which enzyme hydrolyzes starch by random splitting of 2,1-4 - glucosidic linkages?
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Which of the following products of starch hydrolysis is colorless in the I₂ test?
Which of the following products of starch hydrolysis is colorless in the I₂ test?
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What type of reaction occurs when starch is hydrolyzed by mineral acid?
What type of reaction occurs when starch is hydrolyzed by mineral acid?
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Which starch molecule forms a deep blue complex with iodine?
Which starch molecule forms a deep blue complex with iodine?
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What kind of structure does amylase possess?
What kind of structure does amylase possess?
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What process do carbohydrates primarily result from in plants?
What process do carbohydrates primarily result from in plants?
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Which class of reactions during photosynthesis is responsible for converting electromagnetic energy into chemical potential?
Which class of reactions during photosynthesis is responsible for converting electromagnetic energy into chemical potential?
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What is the primary chemical reaction that acetyl Co-A undergoes when it enters the TCA cycle?
What is the primary chemical reaction that acetyl Co-A undergoes when it enters the TCA cycle?
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Which acid is primarily obtained from the fermentation of sucrose and is commonly present in citrus fruits?
Which acid is primarily obtained from the fermentation of sucrose and is commonly present in citrus fruits?
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What is the primary role of the enzymatic reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the primary role of the enzymatic reactions in photosynthesis?
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What is the effect of adding 1% benzoic acid to cherry juice?
What is the effect of adding 1% benzoic acid to cherry juice?
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In the context of carbohydrates, what are oligosaccharides?
In the context of carbohydrates, what are oligosaccharides?
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What is the main use of sodium lactate injections?
What is the main use of sodium lactate injections?
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Local sources of carbohydrates in the Philippines include which of the following?
Local sources of carbohydrates in the Philippines include which of the following?
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What are the two main classifications of carbohydrates?
What are the two main classifications of carbohydrates?
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What is one of the primary uses of lactic acid in formulations?
What is one of the primary uses of lactic acid in formulations?
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Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?
Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?
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Which acid is known to be a dicarboxylic acid and is often a by-product of the wine industry?
Which acid is known to be a dicarboxylic acid and is often a by-product of the wine industry?
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Which component of the process of photosynthesis directly leads to the formation of sugars?
Which component of the process of photosynthesis directly leads to the formation of sugars?
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What is the role of citric acid in effervescent formulations?
What is the role of citric acid in effervescent formulations?
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What is the typical therapeutic dose of ferrous fumarate as a hematinic agent?
What is the typical therapeutic dose of ferrous fumarate as a hematinic agent?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, or compounds that yield these upon hydrolysis.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be hydrolysed.
- Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units.
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
- Photosynthesis is a biological process converting electromagnetic energy into chemical energy
- Carbohydrates are products of photosynthesis
Production of Monosaccharides by Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis involves light and dark reactions.
- Light reactions convert electromagnetic energy to chemical potential.
- Dark reactions use the energy from light to fix carbon dioxide
- The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 2H₂O + CO₂ + light → chlorophyll (CH₂O) + H₂O + O₂.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides (cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler sugars)
- Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses, Heptoses
- Hexoses are the most important monosaccharides.
- Examples of hexoses are glucose, fructose, galactose.
- Oligosaccharides (hydrolyzed into 2-10 monosaccharides)
- Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides
- Polysaccharides (hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides)
- Starch, inulin, cellulose
Uses of Sucrose
- Pharmaceutically necessary for syrups
- Demulcent (protects mucous membranes)
- Preservative (inhibits bacterial growth)
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Description
This quiz covers the structure, classification, and biosynthesis of carbohydrates. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as the photosynthesis process that produces these essential compounds. Test your understanding of carbohydrate chemistry and their biological significance.
