Carbohydrates and Their Biosynthesis
46 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What term is used for starch that yields glucose upon hydrolysis?

  • Hexosan
  • Fructosan
  • Galactosan
  • Glucosan (correct)

Which of the following describes the physical state of sugar?

  • Liquid
  • Crystalline solid (correct)
  • Gel
  • Amorphous solid

What is a key characteristic of sucrose in relation to its taste?

  • It is sour.
  • It has a bitter taste.
  • It is sweet. (correct)
  • It is tasteless.

What is the process by which dextrose is usually obtained?

<p>Hydrolysis of starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main sugar obtained from cow's milk?

<p>Lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process separates fat globules from milk to form butter?

<p>Churning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of sucrose?

<p>Antibiotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is characterized as insoluble in cold water?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of treating skimmed milk with rennin?

<p>Cheese (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of milk product is prepared by partial evaporation and autoclaving?

<p>Condensed milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sugar acting as a demulcent?

<p>To protect mucous membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactulose is formed from which sugar?

<p>Lactose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant property of dextrose in pharmaceutical applications?

<p>It is a common binding agent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of segments of the alimentary tract?

<p>Crohn's disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xylose is primarily obtained from which material?

<p>Corn cobs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lactose in infants' food?

<p>Nutrient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification of brandy and whiskey based on their effects on the central nervous system?

<p>CNS depressants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alcohols is produced from the fermentation of sucrose?

<p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of mannitol in medical applications?

<p>As an osmotic diuretic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorbitol is primarily known for its use in which of the following products?

<p>Toothpaste and chewing gums (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of dulcitol makes it significant in pharmaceutical formulations?

<p>Its ability to act as a humectant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of amylopectin?

<p>100 or more glucose units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following starches is more soluble in water?

<p>Amylopectin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does starch produce in the iodine (Iâ‚‚) test?

<p>Deep blue complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme hydrolyzes starch by random splitting of 2,1-4 - glucosidic linkages?

<p>α-amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following products of starch hydrolysis is colorless in the Iâ‚‚ test?

<p>Maltose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when starch is hydrolyzed by mineral acid?

<p>Decomposition reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which starch molecule forms a deep blue complex with iodine?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of structure does amylase possess?

<p>Linear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do carbohydrates primarily result from in plants?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of reactions during photosynthesis is responsible for converting electromagnetic energy into chemical potential?

<p>Light reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary chemical reaction that acetyl Co-A undergoes when it enters the TCA cycle?

<p>Condensation with oxaloacetate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is primarily obtained from the fermentation of sucrose and is commonly present in citrus fruits?

<p>Citric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the enzymatic reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>Fix carbon dioxide into sugar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding 1% benzoic acid to cherry juice?

<p>It indicates the destruction of pectin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of carbohydrates, what are oligosaccharides?

<p>Carbohydrates made up of 2-10 monosaccharide units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of sodium lactate injections?

<p>It's an electrolyte replenisher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Local sources of carbohydrates in the Philippines include which of the following?

<p>Coconut, rice, and sugarcane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main classifications of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides and polysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary uses of lactic acid in formulations?

<p>As an acidulant in infant feeding formulas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes polysaccharides?

<p>They are long chains of monosaccharides linked together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid is known to be a dicarboxylic acid and is often a by-product of the wine industry?

<p>Tartaric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the process of photosynthesis directly leads to the formation of sugars?

<p>Carbon dioxide fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of citric acid in effervescent formulations?

<p>To serve as an acidulant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical therapeutic dose of ferrous fumarate as a hematinic agent?

<p>200mg three or four times a day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, producing carbohydrates as a byproduct.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as primary energy sources for living organisms.

Light Reactions

The initial stage of photosynthesis where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy, specifically ATP and NADPH.

Enzymatic Reactions

The second stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugar (glucose) using the energy derived from light reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high-energy molecule used to power various cellular processes, including the synthesis of glucose during photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

A coenzyme involved in the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis, essential for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Dioxide Fixation

The process in which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is incorporated into an organic molecule, primarily glucose, during photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate made up of many sugar molecules linked together. They have a high molecular weight.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hexosan

A polysaccharide composed of hexose sugars (6 carbon sugars).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucosan

A polysaccharide that yields glucose upon hydrolysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fructosan

A polysaccharide that yields fructose upon hydrolysis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Commonly known as table sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Demulcent

An agent that soothes and protects mucous membranes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dextrose

A simple sugar, also known as glucose, found in fruits and produced by the breakdown of starch.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Simple Syrup

A concentrated solution of sugar in water, commonly used in pharmacy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Casein

A protein found in milk that forms a thick, curd-like substance when it reacts with acids or enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Whey

The watery liquid separated from milk when it's curdled. It's a byproduct of cheese making.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lactose Intolerance

A condition where the body struggles to digest lactose due to a lack of lactase enzyme.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Xylose

A simple sugar obtained from plant material like corn cobs or straw, used to test digestive function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sprue

A condition where the small intestine is unable to properly absorb nutrients from food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crohn's Disease

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the digestive tract.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pellagra

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3), leading to skin problems, diarrhea, and mental issues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Brandy?

Brandy is an alcoholic beverage produced by distilling wine. It is classified as a CNS depressant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the chemical process for fermentation of Sucrose?

Sucrose, a disaccharide, is fermented by the enzyme zymase into glucose and fructose. The process consists of two steps: 1) Sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose. 2) Glucose is further broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is mannitol?

Mannitol is a hexahydric alcohol obtained by reduction of mannose or isolation from manna, a dried saccharine exudates of 'Fraxinus ornus'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Sorbitol?

Sorbitol is a hexitol extracted from berries of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia). It is a hexahydric sugar alcohol used in various pharmaceuticals and commercial fields.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Dulcitol?

Dulcitol is a hexitol obtained from the reduction of galactose. Its structural formula is: $CH_2OH$ $OH$ $H$ $HO$ $H$ Ho$ $H$ $H$ $OH$ $CH_2OH$

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Cherry Juice (Succus Cerasi) used for?

Cherry juice is used in the preparation of cherry syrup, which acts as a flavored vehicle in pharmaceutical mixtures, especially those with an acidic nature. It helps mask unpleasant tastes and adds a pleasant flavor to medications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Citric Acid used for?

Citric Acid is a naturally occurring acid found in fruits like lemons and limes. It's used as an acidulant in effervescent tablets and other pharmaceutical formulations, acting as a buffering agent and also as an anticoagulant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Lactic Acid work as a medication?

Lactic acid is found in many bodily processes. It is used as an acidulant, particularly in infant feeding formulas. Medicinally, its sodium form is used to replenish electrolytes in metabolic acidosis, while calcium lactate is used to replenish calcium levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Tartaric Acid used for?

Tartaric Acid is a dicarboxylic acid obtained from the wine industry. It serves as a substitute for acetic acid in buffer systems and effervescent formulations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of COâ‚‚ in pharmaceutical formulations?

The release of COâ‚‚ through effervescence in formulations like Alka-Seltzer enhances palatability, meaning it makes the medication more pleasant to take.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Malic Acid?

Malic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in fruits like apples and cherries. It plays a role in the Krebs cycle and is involved in various physiological processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is Ferrous Fumarate used as a hematinic agent?

Ferrous Fumarate is a type of iron supplement used to treat iron deficiency. It is easily absorbed by the body, making it effective in increasing hemoglobin levels and red blood cell production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Ethanol (alcohol) used for?

Ethanol, also known as alcohol, is a liquid with a concentration of at least 92.35% by weight. It serves as a solvent in pharmaceutical preparations and is also used as an antiseptic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two main components of starch?

Starch is composed of two main substances: amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a linear chain of glucose units, while amylopectin is a branched structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin in terms of structure?

Amylose has a linear structure, meaning it forms a long, unbranched chain of glucose units linked together by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin, on the other hand, has a branched structure, with α-1,6 glycosidic bonds creating branches.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does iodine react differently with amylose and amylopectin?

Iodine, a reagent used to test for starch, reacts differently with amylose and amylopectin. Amylose forms a deep blue complex with iodine due to its helical structure, while amylopectin forms a blue-violet complex because its branched structure restricts the formation of a tight helix.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the two enzymes involved in starch hydrolysis?

Two main enzymes hydrolyze starch: α-amylase and β-amylase. α-amylase randomly breaks down α-1,4 glycosidic bonds in the starch molecule, producing smaller fragments. β-amylase removes maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the starch molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe the series of products formed during starch hydrolysis.

As starch is hydrolyzed, it undergoes a series of transformations, resulting in different products. The initial breakdown yields dextrins, which then break down into smaller dextrins, maltose, and finally glucose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What happens when starch is mixed with boiling water?

Starch, when mixed with boiling water, forms a sol. If the concentration is high, the sol can form a jelly-like consistency. This jelly exhibits 'Thixotrophy', meaning it cannot revert back to its original state after being disturbed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some common sources of starch?

Starch is commonly found in various plants, including corn, wheat, cassava, rice, and potatoes. These plants are important sources of starch for humans and animals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explain how starch is used in food processing.

Starch is a versatile ingredient in food processing. It acts as a thickener, stabilizer, and texture-enhancing agent in various food products, including sauces, gravies, and baked goods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, or compounds that yield these upon hydrolysis.
  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be hydrolysed.
  • Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units.

Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates

  • Photosynthesis is a biological process converting electromagnetic energy into chemical energy
  • Carbohydrates are products of photosynthesis

Production of Monosaccharides by Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis involves light and dark reactions.
  • Light reactions convert electromagnetic energy to chemical potential.
  • Dark reactions use the energy from light to fix carbon dioxide
  • The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 2Hâ‚‚O + COâ‚‚ + light → chlorophyll (CHâ‚‚O) + Hâ‚‚O + Oâ‚‚.

Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides (cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler sugars)
  • Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses, Heptoses
  • Hexoses are the most important monosaccharides.
  • Examples of hexoses are glucose, fructose, galactose.
  • Oligosaccharides (hydrolyzed into 2-10 monosaccharides)
  • Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides
  • Polysaccharides (hydrolyzed into many monosaccharides)
  • Starch, inulin, cellulose

Uses of Sucrose

  • Pharmaceutically necessary for syrups
  • Demulcent (protects mucous membranes)
  • Preservative (inhibits bacterial growth)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

PHA 010: Pharmacognosy and Plant Chemistry Module 3 PDF

Description

This quiz covers the structure, classification, and biosynthesis of carbohydrates. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, as well as the photosynthesis process that produces these essential compounds. Test your understanding of carbohydrate chemistry and their biological significance.

More Like This

Carbohydrates and Photosynthesis Quiz
10 questions

Carbohydrates and Photosynthesis Quiz

EnviousGold avatar
EnviousGold
Carbohydrates and Photosynthesis
10 questions

Carbohydrates and Photosynthesis

FaultlessIguana avatar
FaultlessIguana
Photosynthesis and Carbohydrates Quiz
28 questions

Photosynthesis and Carbohydrates Quiz

SharpNobility1648 avatar
SharpNobility1648
Carbohydrates Overview Quiz
33 questions

Carbohydrates Overview Quiz

PraiseworthyOganesson4789 avatar
PraiseworthyOganesson4789
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser