Carbohydrates and Simple Sugars

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Questions and Answers

Match each carbohydrate type with its corresponding description:

Monosaccharides = Single sugars that are the simplest form of carbohydrates. Disaccharides = Double sugars formed when two monosaccharides are joined. Polysaccharides = Complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar molecules linked together. Oligosaccharides = Short chains of a few monosaccharides.

Match the monosaccharide with its correct description:

Glucose = Primary fuel for the body, found in disaccharides and polysaccharides. Fructose = Fruit sugar found in fruit, honey, and syrup, converts to glucose in the body. Galactose = Part of lactose found in milk, converts to glucose in the body. Mannose = A sugar found in many plants, also important in human metabolism.

Match the disaccharide with its component monosaccharides:

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Cellobiose = Glucose + Glucose (β-1,4 bond)

Match each polysaccharide with its primary function or source:

Glycogen = Storage form of glucose in animals, stored in liver and muscles. Starch = Storage form of glucose in plants, found in cereal grains and legumes. Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell walls; indigestible by monogastrics; a type of fiber. Pectin = A soluble fiber found in plant cell walls, often used as a gelling agent. Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of fiber with its solubility and primary characteristics:

Soluble Fiber = Viscous and fermentable; examples include pectins and gums. Insoluble Fiber = Non-viscous; examples include cellulose and lignin. Dietary Fiber = Non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin that are intrinsic and intact in plants. Functional Fiber = Isolated, non-digestible carbs that have beneficial physiological effects in humans. Signup and view all the answers

Match each enzyme with its primary site of action in carbohydrate digestion:

Salivary α-amylase (ptyalin) = Begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth by hydrolyzing starch. Pancreatic α-amylase = Continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine by degrading dextrins. Sucrase = Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in the small intestine. Lactase = Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose in the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzyme with its corresponding substrate:

Maltase = Maltose Sucrase = Sucrose Lactase = Lactose Isomaltase = Isomaltose Signup and view all the answers

Match the absorption mechanism with its characteristics:

Active Transport = Transport of glucose and galactose against a concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP). Facilitative Transport = Transport of fructose and mannose with a concentration gradient, does not require energy directly but requires specific glucose transporter. Simple Diffusion = Movement of small, nonpolar molecules across a membrane, no energy or proteins needed. Osmosis = Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Match the transport protein with its function in carbohydrate absorption:

SGLT-1 = A sodium-dependent glucose transporter that binds both glucose/galactose and Na+ for active transport. GLUT-5 = A facilitative transporter that transports fructose across the brush border. GLUT-2 = A sodium-independent transporter that facilitates the transport of sugars out of the mucosal cells into the portal circulation. GLUT-4 = Insulin-regulated glucose transporter found in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle, responsible for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Signup and view all the answers

Match each process with its location in carbohydrate metabolism:

Glycolysis = Cytoplasm: Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. Gluconeogenesis = Liver and kidneys: Synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Glycogenesis = Liver and muscles: Synthesizes glycogen from glucose for storage. Glycogenolysis = Liver and muscles: Breaks down glycogen into glucose monomers. Signup and view all the answers

Match the volatile fatty acid (VFA) with its percentage composition range in the rumen:

Acetic acid = 60 – 70% Propionic acid = 15 – 20% Butyric acid = 10 – 15% Lactic Acid = trace amount under normal rumen conditions Signup and view all the answers

Match the gas with its percentage composition in the rumen:

Carbon dioxide = 76% Methane = 22% Hydrogen = 2% Nitrogen = Small amounts from ingested air Signup and view all the answers

Match rumen bacteria type with its preferred substrate:

Cellulolytic bacteria = Plant fiber (cellulose) Pectinolytic bacteria = Plant fiber (pectins) Hemicellulolytic bacteria = Plant fiber (hemi-cellulose) Amylolytic bacteria = Starch Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics with the type of rumen bacteria:

Cellulolytic Bacteria = Produce cellulase, primary substrate is cellulose, produce mainly acetate, pH 6 – 7. Amylolytic Bacteria = Digests starches and sugars, prefer pH 5 - 6, produce mainly propionate. Methanogens = Use hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide to methane, crucial for efficient rumen function. Proteolytic Bacteria = Bacteria that breaks down proteins and peptides Signup and view all the answers

Match the site with its role in carbohydrate processing in monogastrics:

Mouth = Salivary α-amylase begins starch hydrolysis. Stomach = Carbohydrate digestion temporarily halts due to high acidity inactivating salivary α-amylase. Small Intestine = Pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal enzymes complete carbohydrate digestion into monosaccharides. Large Intestine = Bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed material Signup and view all the answers

Match the carbohydrate with its structure:

Glucose = A hexose monosaccharide Fructose = A ketohexose monosaccharide Galactose = An epimer of glucose Ribose = A pentose monosaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Match the compound with its appropriate classification in ruminant nutrition:

Cellulose = A structural fiber in plant cell walls, digested by cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Starch = A storage polysaccharide in plant seeds or roots, digested by amylolytic bacteria in the rumen. Lignin = A complex polymer in plant cell walls that is generally indigestible. Pectin = A soluble fiber found in fruit; fermented by pectinolytic bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Match the effect to the corresponding carbohydrate component influencing glucose metabolism:

Increased insulin secretion = Caused by postprandial glucose spikes, stimulates glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. Decreased sensitivity to insulin = Resulting from chronic consumption of high fructose diets, impairs glucose uptake. Increased hepatic glucose output = Triggered by low carbohydrate diets, fuels gluconeogenesis from amino acids. Activation of satiety signals = Associated with sustained release of glucose from whole grains, reduces overall caloric intake. Signup and view all the answers

Match each gastrointestinal hormone with its function in carbohydrate metabolism:

Insulin = It enhances glucose uptake and utilization by tissues like muscle and fat, promoting glycogenesis and inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glucagon = Promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, which increases blood glucose concentration. Incretins = Stimulate insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion, enhancing glucose management following a meal. Amylin = Slows gastric emptying and inhibits glucagon secretion, preventing large postprandial glucose spikes. Signup and view all the answers

Match each fermentation byproduct to its effect upon bovine rumen function:

Volatile Fatty Acids(VFAs) = Supply 70–80% of the energy requirement, absorbed through the rumen wall. Methane(CH4) = Represents energy loss; high production increases greenhouse emissions. Carbon Dioxide(CO2) = Accounts for most gas production, can affect pH and bicarbonate buffering. Ammonia(NH3) = Derived from both protein and non-protein nitrogen sources, can influence bacterial community. Signup and view all the answers

Match each amylolytic bacterial species to its response during sudden dietary changes in a ruminant diet:

Streptococcus bovis = It rapidly proliferates in response to increased starch availability during sudden grain diets. This leads to lactic acidosis, which decreases rumen pH. Prevotella species = It increases during the transition to higher concentrate diets, promoting fiber digestion and decreasing lactic acid accumulation. Fibrobacter succinogenes = Its numbers usually decline during transitions for fibrous to high concentrate diets, but this affects cellulose breakdown, increasing acidity. Ruminococcus albus = Its growth slows during abrupt switch for fibrous in favor of grain diets, which increases acidity and compromises fiber digestion too. Signup and view all the answers

Match each enzyme classification with their corresponding digestive functions associated with carbohydrates:

Hydrolases = Catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds for the breakdown of carbohydrates like starch and cellulose. Isomerases = It converts glucose to fructose aiding fructose metabolism for efficient absorption. Transferases = It transfers phosphate groups in the initial activation phase of glycolysis. Oxidoreductases = It catalyzes redox reactions during glycolysis and fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

Match each carbohydrate metabolic pathway with its main end metabolic product:

Glycolysis = Pyruvate -- which can be converted to lactate or acetyl-CoA. Gluconeogenesis = It generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during fasting. Pentose Phosphate Pathway = Ribose-5-phosphate helps for DNA/RNA synthesis, and NADPH helping in redox homeostasis. Uronic Acid Pathway = Glucuronic aiding in detoxification and synthesis of some vitamin C. Signup and view all the answers

Match each liver enzyme involved in glucose management to its function, providing insight in glucose balance in metabolism

Glucokinase = It facilitates the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate(G6P), which is the first step in glycogenolysis. Glucose-6-phosphatase = Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate(G6P) to release glucose into the bloodstream, which is essential during glucose homeostasis and fasting. Glycogen synthase = Mediates the addition of glucose molecules to glycogen chains, promoting glycogen formation during abundant glucose. Phosphorylase = Breaks the chains in glycogen, creating glucose, enabling effective glycogenolysis. Signup and view all the answers

Categorize each polysaccharide source by digestive capacity associated in a dairy cow:

Cellulose = Mostly digested for microbial fermentation in the lower digestive tract/rumen Hemicellulose = Digestion characteristics similar to cellulose, dependent on microbial processing as well Starch = High digested by the enzymes in both the small intestine and the rumen Pectin = Rapidly and fully digested in the upper part of the gastrointestinal/rumen Signup and view all the answers

Categorize the bacteria group for polysaccharide digestibility during digestion stage and location:

Amylolytic = Most predominant bacteria in rumen helps rapidly processing for sugars that affect animal digestive. Cellulolytic = Breaks down the complex cellulose in animals that is a crucial part contributing to animal digestion. Proteolytic = A bacteria that digests amino acids. Proteins are essential for microorganisms for creating a strong digestion balance in livestock. Methanogens = Microorganisms that are important for volatile fatty acid production, affecting the fermentation results. Signup and view all the answers

Classify the site of location versus function to correlate with each metabolic process regarding ruminant carbohydrate:

Rumen = Fermentation here allows structural carbohydrates and complex sugars to separate for energy production contributing to microbial growth in animals. Small Intestine = The site for residual starches and proteins by enzymatic function to absorb animal bloodstream. Liver = Activating site used in storing glucose. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis used to affect glucose levels. Mammary glands = This region contains crucial milk synthesis for glucose and glycerol for milk volume, contributing to essential milk synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Match each bacteria function or effect to each process of metabolism that is related to volatile fatty acid in animals:

Acetate = Influences the energy with high concentration allowing fatty acid synthesis. Propionate = Primary substrate related to gluconeogenesis, which is also related to glucose production. Butyrate = High oxidized energy source during muscle tissue of animals. Energy affects absorption from stomach. Bicarbonate = Crucial source for maintaining ruminal pH for stability, contributing to bacterial growth within rumen stability. Signup and view all the answers

Describe digestive area and their importance for balancing each environment and absorption for carbohydrate intake in livestock:

Rumen = Region containing the largest fermentation capacity that allows digestion by volatile fatty acids, leading to essential carbohydrates and contributing high fiber. Small Intestine = A location that contains enzymatic processes related to digestion of residual enzymes which can lead to absorb high stream volumes. Large Intestine = Remaining carbohydrates fermented for VFAs that affect water balance and formation, contributing to high formation and stability in animals. Abomasum = Area consisting of gastric secretion and low pH which is important to reduce bacteria content. Signup and view all the answers

Match each digestion byproduct that has process within digestion ruminants with the effects to rumination digestion:

Volatile fatty acid = Byproduct energy from fermentation which is absorbed with the rumen wall. That process leads to significant effects. Methane = Primary loss of energy by animal through fermentation by reducing effects from carbon reducing effects. Carbon Dioxide = End of stable carbohydrate fermentation which reduces effects for pH and maintaining rumen area. Ammonia = Essential source for both a protein and non-protein by providing nitrogen for bacterial ecosystem. Signup and view all the answers

Match and categorize carbohydrate fermentation patterns alongside each rumen pH and digestive process that correlates with animal.

Rumen PH 6-7 = High stable for fiber digestion which contributes to high stable fermentation. Rumen PH 5-6 = A quick sugar digestion due to high acid production that is highly related to fermentation. Unstable Rumen pH = Dysfunctional microbial action which leads to poor nutrient stability. This will increase in bacteria affecting pH. Rapid pH transition = Related to acidosis effects, contributing major microbial and high fermentation. Signup and view all the answers

Match description relating to each enzyme that promotes liver digestion that contains crucial digestion processing.

Glucokinase = Crucial step of Glycogenesis activating glucose phosphorylation, initiating glucose usage. Glucose 6 Phosphatase = Glucose being released with 6 phosphate through bloodstream. Glycogen Synthase = Affecting the extension with forming glucose chains to influence storage. Phosphorylase = Digestion affect with glycogens releasing glucose, which supports animal. Signup and view all the answers

Match the process alongside description relates about liver that affects glucose absorption in the digestive tract.

Glycogenesis is = A process which is relating the formation to maintain glucose, storing liver energy. Glycogenolysis is = A process reducing and breaking down glycogen, this allows glucose levels. Gluconeogenesis is = Reducing glucose production which is a non-carbon format as energy stores. Glycolysis = Reducing glucose energy resulting in pyruvate being used to power digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Each bacteria has unique function for digestion , that shows effect as part of polysaccharide . So correlate bacteria with description that matches to each type.

Amylolytic is = A function reducing quick sugar function in polysaccharide that has significant glucose energy. Cellulolytic is = Complex fiber that shows digestive stability that animal consumes for energy. Proteolytic = Important components building block protein metabolism, animal stability and protein energy. Methanogens = Support by generating volatile fatty acid support this is important for the metabolic. Signup and view all the answers

Match the definition that correlates fiber digestive capacity.

Soluble Fiber = A digestive viscosity that dissolves water as energy. Insoluble fiber = Fiber is a non-viscous source where animal cannot digest. Dietary Fiber = Non-energy intact sources. Functional fiber = Isolated indigestive energy source. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term that is related to carbohydrate types with description correlating energy effect within the body.

Monosaccharides = Simple components for energy that absorb quickly. Disaccharides = Sources which have small sugar composition. Polysaccharides = A complex carbohydrate with slow energy release. Oligosaccharides = Digestion relating chain for small digestive levels. Signup and view all the answers

Match each carbohydrate type with its primary source or function:

Glycogen = Animal storage form of glucose Starch = Plant storage form of glucose Cellulose = Structural component of plant cell walls Fructose = Monosaccharide found in fruits and honey Signup and view all the answers

Match the enzyme with the primary carbohydrate it helps to digest:

Amylase = Starch Sucrase = Sucrose Lactase = Lactose Cellulase = Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Match each volatile fatty acid (VFA) with its approximate percentage composition in the rumen:

Acetic acid = 60-70% Propionic acid = 15-20% Butyric acid = 10-15% Lactic Acid = Generated during rapid fermentation; often transient Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of bacteria in the rumen with the primary substrate it ferments:

Cellulolytic bacteria = Cellulose Amylolytic bacteria = Starch Pectinolytic bacteria = Pectins Proteolytic bacteria = Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, these are energy-providing nutrients.

Monosaccharides

Single sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.