Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides Overview

<p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α(1→2)β</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell recognition and adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains three monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-1,4 glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be rapidly broken down for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long, unbranched chains of repeating disaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetylglucosamine with β (1--&gt;4) glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage polysaccharides contain only α-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large complex molecules formed from amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D-acetyl glucosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lubrication and shock absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a highly branched structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbascose consists of three galactose units, one glucose, and one fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharides act as determinants for the ABO blood group by presenting specific sugars on the surface of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage polysaccharides contain only α-glucose units, while structural polysaccharides contain only β-glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch is a mixture of two polymers: amylose, which is unbranched, and amylopectin, which is branched every 24-30 glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An aldotetrose is a 4-carbon sugar that contains an aldehyde functional group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen serves as a readily mobilized storage form of glucose, providing energy when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldoses have the carbonyl group on C1 while ketoses have it on C2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosaminoglycans are long, unbranched chains composed of repeating disaccharide units of amino sugars and acidic sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is primarily composed of N-acetylglucosamine units and is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chiral carbon atoms cause optical activity by rotating polarized light either to the right (D) or to the left (L).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The names are formed by inserting 'ul' into the name of the corresponding aldose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose is a long unbranched chain of glucose linked by α-1,4 bonds, while amylopectin has a branched structure with glucose chains linked by both α-1,4 and α-1,6 bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose is the most important simple carbohydrate that regulates blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides can be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, or heptoses depending on the number of carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose and fructose are structural isomers, differing in the arrangement of atoms in their structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general empirical formula for carbohydrates is $C_n(H_2O)_n$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D-glyceraldehyde serves as a standard reference molecule for chiral compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dihydroxyacetone is the monosaccharide that has no chiral carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldos are characterized by the presence of an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a ketone group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common monosaccharide is glucose, with the molecular formula $C_6H_{12}O_6$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homopolysaccharides consist of the same monosaccharides, while heteropolysaccharides are made up of different monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy for the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The suffix '-ose' indicates that a molecule is a sugar, which is a type of carbohydrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence dictated by DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid provides lubrication and shock absorption in synovial fluid, aiding in joint function and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin serves as a structural component in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, providing strength and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, preventing blood clotting during surgery and in blood sample tubes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins function as structural components, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and transport molecules essential for various bodily processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet, while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are key components of cell membranes, regulating membrane permeability and contributing to membrane structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondroitin 6-sulphate consists of repeating disaccharide units made of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main classes of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA primarily stores genetic information, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribose is a sugar molecule that contains an oxygen atom at C-2, while deoxyribose lacks this oxygen atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four main types of non-covalent bonds are ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon is essential because it can form stable bonds with itself and other atoms like hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while non-covalent interactions involve weaker attractions without electron sharing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides like NAD and FAD are essential as components of coenzymes in various biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main types of covalent bonds include peptide (amide) bonds and disulfide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin serves as a structural component in the exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, and it is also used as surgical thread due to its biodegradability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic acid provides lubrication and shock absorption in synovial fluid and connective tissues such as cartilage and skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondroitin 6-sulphate is composed of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine, and it is primarily used in the prevention and management of osteoarthritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin acts as an anticoagulant, preventing blood clotting during surgical procedures and in blood sample tubes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are constructed by linking amino acids together in a specific sequence via peptide bonds, determined by the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids must be supplied through diet, while non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bonds are formed through a condensation reaction, which involves the removal of a water molecule between two amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids contain twice the energy content of carbohydrates due to their higher ratio of C-H bonds and lower oxygen content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of polysaccharides are storage polysaccharides, which contain only α-glucose units, and structural polysaccharides, which contain only β-glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch consists of two polymers: amylose, which is unbranched and linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and amylopectin, which is branched every 24-30 glucose units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen is similar to amylopectin but has more frequent branching, occurring about every 12 glucose units due to α-(1,6) glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched chains of repeating disaccharide units made of amino sugars and acidic sugars, examples include chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharides present on the surface of red blood cells function as ABO blood group determinants by providing specific antigenic sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin is primarily composed of N-acetylglucosamine and is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, providing structural support in the exoskeletons of arthropods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fucose is a 6-carbon L-sugar that is part of the oligosaccharide chain contributing to the ABO blood group determinants on red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylose is a long, unbranched polymer of glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin is branched with both α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonding stabilizes protein structures, facilitating both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic interactions cause non-polar amino acids to aggregate away from water, promoting the folding of proteins into their tertiary structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds between specific base pairs, such as G-C and A-T, stabilize the double helical structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hydrophobic effect describes the tendency of non-polar molecules to aggregate in water to minimize their exposure to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Van der Waals forces provide weak attractions between molecules, contributing to the stability and proper folding of the protein's 3D structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary structures in proteins are formed through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic biomolecules form hydrogen bonds with water, making them soluble in aqueous environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds increase the structural integrity and stability of important biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids, and they are significant for storing genetic information, acting as energy carriers, and serving as components of co-enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribose is a sugar molecule found in RNA, containing an oxygen atom at C-2, while deoxyribose, found in DNA, lacks an oxygen atom at that position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds, such as peptide and disulfide bonds, as well as non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are important in biological macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon forms stable covalent bonds with itself and other elements like hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which are fundamental to the structure of biological macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, while non-covalent interactions, like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, arise from weaker attractions between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides are crucial for storing genetic information and acting as energy carriers, such as ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main classes of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which stores genetic information, and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which plays roles in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological macromolecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, serve essential functions such as structural support, energy storage, and catalyzing biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stabilize protein structure by linking cysteine residues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine biomolecular structure, stability, and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stabilize proteins through attraction between charged amino acid side chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds account for water's unique solvent properties and support biological structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrons are transferred, forming positively and negatively charged ions that attract each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are weak attractions that occur between molecules due to transient dipoles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help proteins achieve their three-dimensional conformation necessary for function.</p> Signup and view all the answers