Carbohydrate Classification and Structure
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Questions and Answers

Classify the following monosaccharide: is it an aldose or a ketose?

  • Aldose (correct)
  • Ketose

    • Name the monosaccharide above according to its number of carbon atoms.

    Aldopentose

    Classify the following monosaccharide: is it an aldose or a ketose?

  • Aldose
  • Ketose (correct)

    • Name the monosaccharide above according to its number of carbon atoms.

    <p>Ketotriose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage in cellulose?

    <p>β-1,4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage in amylose?

    <p>α-1,4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage in amylopectin?

    <p>α-1,4 and α-1,6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the linkage in glycogen?

    <p>α-1,4 and α-1,6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between amylose and cellulose?

    <p>Amylose consists of α-D-glucose. Cellulose consists of β-D-glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What roles do amylose and cellulose have in nature?

    <p>Amylose is a major component of the human diet. Cellulose is used by plants as a structural material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why cows and other grazing animals can eat grass but humans cannot.

    <p>Humans do not have the enzyme that breaks the β-1,4 linkages in cellulose. Grazing animals have bacteria that produce an enzyme to hydrolyze these linkages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide that functions as the transport form of carbohydrates in blood?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aldopentose that is a component of nucleic acids?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by beta-1,4 linkages?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monosaccharide that is sweeter than sucrose and found in honey and fruits?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monosaccharide which is a component of milk sugar?

    <p>Galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disaccharide composed of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why cotton fibers, which are nearly pure cellulose, are insoluble in water.

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between chains stabilize cellulose and make it rigid and insoluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lactose intolerance?

    <p>Lactose-free diet, unpleasant severity, enzymes that digest lactose, gradual loss of activity of the enzyme lactase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Galactosemia?

    <p>Galactose-free diet, life-threatening severity, inherited inability to metabolize galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a simple sugar composed of equal parts carbon and water?

    <p>Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a __________ because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

    <p>Disaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbons in the molecule shown is a chiral carbon?

    <p>Carbons 3 and 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a monosaccharide forms a cyclic hemiacetal, what is the anomeric carbon atom?

    <p>Anomeric; its substituents can assume an α or a β position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two isomeric sugars that are cyclic and only differ in the position of the -OH group attached to the hemiacetal carbon are called?

    <p>Anomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a glycosidic bond?

    <p>A bond formed between an anomeric carbon atom and any -OR group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ketohexose will form a five-membered ring.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements about human blood types are correct?

    <p>Blood group A has a molecule of NN-acetyl-DD-glucosamine linked to DD-galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are common monosaccharides of interest in human biochemistry except glucose.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose is similar to glucose and galactose except?

    <p>It forms a hemiacetal ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose and other monosaccharides react with ________ to form phosphate ester in biological systems.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct structure for glucose 6-phosphate?

    Signup and view all the answers

    If a carbohydrate, like xylulose, has five carbon atoms and a carbonyl group on the second carbon, it is called a(n)?

    <p>Ketopentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common carbohydrate, _______, has six carbon atoms.

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Any carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the second carbon is a(n)?

    <p>Ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A monosaccharide is a(n) _________ if the carbonyl group is on the end of the carbon chain.

    <p>Aldose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glyceraldehyde is an example of a(n) __________, because it has three carbon atoms.

    <p>Triose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as a(n)?

    <p>Aldohexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbohydrate can be defined as a molecule?

    <p>That is an aldehyde or ketone and that has more than one hydroxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose can be classified as a(an)?

    <p>Aldohexose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is present in nucleic acids?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide listed is used in the backbone of DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules has a common name of levulose or fruit sugar?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the disaccharide that contains two glucose units joined by an alpha-glycosidic linkage?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the disaccharide that contains fructose and glucose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the disaccharide that contains galactose and glucose?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycoproteins are formed by bonding an oligosaccharide to a protein through a ________ linkage.

    <p>Glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is produced by ________, and its major function is ________.

    <p>Plants; energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is used to inhibit blood clotting?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is produced by ________, and its major function is ________.

    <p>Animals; energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellulose is produced by ________, and its major function is ________.

    <p>Plants; as a structural component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements comparing amylopectin and glycogen is false?

    <p>Glycogen molecules are generally larger than amylopectin molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starch is composed of two polymers, ________, which is an unbranched chain, and ________, which is a branched polymer.

    <p>Amylose; amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements does not correctly describe functions of modified carbohydrate molecules?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complex carbohydrates are?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple carbohydrates are?

    <p>Fructose and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of soluble fiber and their sources.

    <p>Pectin and vegetable gum are two kinds of soluble fiber, which can be found in fruits, barley, oats, and beans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monosaccharide Classification

    • Aldoses and ketoses are two classifications of monosaccharides based on the position of the carbonyl group.
    • Aldopentose contains five carbon atoms and functions as a building block in nucleic acids.
    • Ketotriose consists of three carbon atoms with a ketone structure.

    Polysaccharides and Their Structures

    • Cellulose is composed of β-1,4 linkages and serves as a structural component in plants.
    • Amylose has a structure of α-1,4 linkages, contributing to carbohydrate storage.
    • Amylopectin and glycogen contain both α-1,4 and α-1,6 linkages, enhancing their energy storage capabilities.

    Difference in Structural Properties

    • Amylose features α-D-glucose, while cellulose includes β-D-glucose, leading to differing solubility and structural properties.
    • Cellulose's hydrogen bonding contributes to its insolubility in water compared to glycogen.

    Dietary Impact and Animal Digestion

    • Humans lack enzymes to break β-1,4 linkages in cellulose, limiting their ability to digest grass, unlike grazing animals with specialized bacteria for this purpose.

    Disaccharides

    • Maltose is a disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules.
    • Sucrose combines glucose and fructose, while lactose contains glucose and galactose.

    Galactose and Lactose

    • Galactose is a component of milk sugar, and lactose intolerance arises from insufficient lactase enzyme, causing discomfort when consuming dairy products.
    • Galactosemia is a severe inherited disorder where individuals cannot properly metabolize galactose, necessitating a galactose-free diet.

    Carbohydrate Definitions

    • Carbohydrates are defined as aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups.
    • Monosaccharides serve as the simplest form of carbohydrates, while polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed into glucose units.

    Isomeric Sugars

    • Anomers are specific cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the position of the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon.
    • Glycosidic bonds form between anomeric carbon and -OR groups.

    Blood Types and Biochemistry

    • Blood type O is universal due to the absence of unique antigens, while AB has both A and B antigens.
    • Common monosaccharides in human biochemistry include glucose, galactose, and fructose; maltose and ribose are also significant.

    Functions and Production of Carbohydrates

    • Starch is produced by plants for energy storage, whereas glycogen is the animal equivalent.
    • Heparin functions as an anticoagulant, aiding in blood clotting prevention.

    Types of Carbohydrates

    • Starch is a complex carbohydrate, while fructose and glucose are examples of simple carbohydrates.
    • Soluble fibers like pectin and vegetable gum enhance digestive health and are found in fruits, oats, and beans.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates with this quiz, focusing on the classification of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and their unique structural properties. Learn about the differences between aldoses and ketoses, as well as the impact of various carbohydrate structures on dietary digestion and energy storage.

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