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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?
What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?
Which of the following is an example of an aldotetrose?
Which of the following is an example of an aldotetrose?
Which statement correctly describes epimers?
Which statement correctly describes epimers?
Identify the correct pair of aldose and its corresponding ketose isomer.
Identify the correct pair of aldose and its corresponding ketose isomer.
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What monosaccharides are classified as ketohexoses?
What monosaccharides are classified as ketohexoses?
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Which type of sugar acid is formed by the oxidation of both the aldehyde and primary alcohol groups?
Which type of sugar acid is formed by the oxidation of both the aldehyde and primary alcohol groups?
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What is the defining feature of ketoses when compared to aldoses?
What is the defining feature of ketoses when compared to aldoses?
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Which of the following is an example of a sugar alcohol?
Which of the following is an example of a sugar alcohol?
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What type of isomerism occurs when two sugars differ only around one carbon atom but have their functional groups unchanged?
What type of isomerism occurs when two sugars differ only around one carbon atom but have their functional groups unchanged?
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Which derivate of monosaccharides involves the replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom?
Which derivate of monosaccharides involves the replacement of a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Classification
- Carbohydrates are classified based on the presence of aldehyde or ketone groups, number of carbons, and number of sugar units.
- Aldoses contain an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a ketone group.
- Aldoses and ketoses can be further classified based on the number of carbons present in the molecule.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are the simplest form of sugar.
- They are classified based on the number of carbons they contain.
- Triose monosaccharides contain 3 carbons, tetrose monosaccharides contain 4 carbons, pentose monosaccharides contain 5 carbons, and hexose monosaccharides contain 6 carbons.
Examples of Monosaccharides
- Glyceraldehyde: Aldotriose - Dihydroxyacetone: Ketotriose
- Erythrose: Aldotetrose - Erythrulose: Ketotetrose
- Ribose & Xylose: Aldopentose - Ribulose & Xylulose: Ketopentose
- Glucose, Galactose, Mannose: Aldohexose - Fructose: Ketohexose
Isomerism
- Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
- Enantiomers are mirror images of each other. For example, D-glucose and L-glucose are enantiomers.
- Epimers differ in their configuration around only one carbon. For example, D-glucose and D-mannose are epimers at C2, and D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers at C4.
- Aldose-ketose isomers differ in their functional groups. For example, glucose and fructose are aldose-ketose isomers.
Monosaccharide Derivatives
- Monosaccharides can undergo various modifications to form derivatives with different functions:
- Sugar Acids: Oxidation of aldehyde group forms aldonic acids (e.g., Gluconic acid), oxidation of primary alcohol group forms uronic acids (e.g., Glucuronic acid) and oxidation of both forms aldaric acids (e.g., Glucaric acid).
- Sugar Alcohols: Reduction of carbonyl group to alcohol group. For example, Glucose is reduced to Sorbitol.
- Deoxy Sugars: Replacement of hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom. For example, Deoxyribose is found in DNA.
- Amino Sugars: Replacement of hydroxyl group with an amino group. For example, Glucosamine is a component of glycosaminoglycans.
- Ester Formation: Addition of phosphate groups. For example, Glucose 6-Phosphate.
- Glycosides: Condensation of sugars with other molecules. For example, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Biomedical Importance of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for plants and animals.
- Glucose is the most crucial carbohydrate, as most dietary carbohydrates are absorbed as glucose.
- Other key functions include:
- Cell membrane components
- Structural tissues in plants and microorganisms
- Precursors for the synthesis of other carbohydrates
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Covalent bonds: Involve sharing of electron pairs. Strong bonds requiring high energy to break.
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Non-covalent bonds: Do not involve electron sharing. Examples include:
- Ionic Interactions
- Hydrophobic Interactions
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Van der Waals forces
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Description
This quiz covers the classification of carbohydrates, focusing on their types such as aldoses and ketoses. It also delves into monosaccharides, their specific categories based on carbon number, and provides examples. Test your knowledge of these essential biomolecules!
