Capnography and Head Injuries
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

  • Decreased respiratory rate
  • Decreased heart rate (correct)
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Decreased body temperature

    • What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP) to maintain normal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

  • Greater than 90mmHg
  • Between 70-90mmHg (correct)
  • Between 50-70mmHg
  • Less than 50mmHg

    • Which of the following is a common cause of cerebral vasodilation and increased ICP?

  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypercapnia (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hypoxia

    • Which type of skull fracture is associated with fracture of the auditory canal and lower areas of the skull?

    <p>Basal skull fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate effect of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) on the brain?

    <p>Immediate rise in ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of secondary brain injury?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate treatment for a ruptured blood vessel within the brain?

    <p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score for a severe brain injury?

    <p>Less than 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cushing's triad (hypertension, reflex bradycardia, adventitious respirations) indicate?

    <p>Increased ICP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the secondary survey in trauma assessment?

    <p>To determine criticality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the appropriate management for a head laceration?

    <p>Flush with sterile water and cover with a moist dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done for a penetrating eye injury?

    <p>Flush with sterile water and cover with a pad/donut bandage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a foreign object in the eye be managed?

    <p>Flush with sterile water and cover both eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of a flash burn to the eye?

    <p>Burning watery eyes, red eyes, blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of emergency care for a tooth avulsion?

    <p>Re-implantation of the tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended storage medium for a avulsed tooth if milk is not available?

    <p>Saline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the causes of unequal pupils?

    <p>Injury to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of checking pupils for abnormalities?

    <p>Use a penlight to assess reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a head injury and a brain injury?

    <p>Head injury affects the soft tissue of the head, while brain injury affects the brain parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences cerebral blood flow?

    <p>Both blood pressure and vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes capnography?

    <p>The continuous analysis and recording of carbon dioxide concentrations in respiratory gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of semi-quantitative capnometry?

    <p>To rely on pH change and colorimetric paper to determine carbon dioxide concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the waveform shape in waveform capnography indicate?

    <p>The airway and ventilation in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a sudden spike in the waveform in waveform capnography indicate?

    <p>Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does EtCO2 stand for?

    <p>End-tidal carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low EtCO2 value indicate?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high EtCO2 value indicate?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should capnography be used with pulse oximetry?

    <p>When monitoring oxygen saturation and ventilation in non-intubated patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does capnography reflect immediately?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations should capnography be used for endotracheal tube (ETT) placement verification?

    <p>Anaphylaxis, CHF, and postictal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

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