Capnography and Head Injuries

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Which of the following is a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Decreased respiratory rate

Decreased heart rate (correct)

Decreased blood pressure

Decreased body temperature

What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP) to maintain normal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

Greater than 90mmHg

Between 70-90mmHg (correct)

Between 50-70mmHg

Less than 50mmHg

Which of the following is a common cause of cerebral vasodilation and increased ICP?

Hypovolemia

Hypercapnia (correct)

Hypoglycemia

Hypoxia

Which type of skull fracture is associated with fracture of the auditory canal and lower areas of the skull?

Basal skull fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) on the brain?

Immediate rise in ICP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of secondary brain injury?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate treatment for a ruptured blood vessel within the brain?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score for a severe brain injury?

Less than 9 Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cushing's triad (hypertension, reflex bradycardia, adventitious respirations) indicate?

Increased ICP Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the secondary survey in trauma assessment?

To determine criticality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the appropriate management for a head laceration?

Flush with sterile water and cover with a moist dressing Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a penetrating eye injury?

Flush with sterile water and cover with a pad/donut bandage Signup and view all the answers

How should a foreign object in the eye be managed?

Flush with sterile water and cover both eyes Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of a flash burn to the eye?

Burning watery eyes, red eyes, blurred vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of emergency care for a tooth avulsion?

Re-implantation of the tooth Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage medium for a avulsed tooth if milk is not available?

Saline Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of unequal pupils?

Injury to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of checking pupils for abnormalities?

Use a penlight to assess reactivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a head injury and a brain injury?

Head injury affects the soft tissue of the head, while brain injury affects the brain parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

What influences cerebral blood flow?

Both blood pressure and vascular resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes capnography?

The continuous analysis and recording of carbon dioxide concentrations in respiratory gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of semi-quantitative capnometry?

To rely on pH change and colorimetric paper to determine carbon dioxide concentrations Signup and view all the answers

What does the waveform shape in waveform capnography indicate?

The airway and ventilation in the patient Signup and view all the answers

What does a sudden spike in the waveform in waveform capnography indicate?

Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in cardiac arrest Signup and view all the answers

What does EtCO2 stand for?

End-tidal carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What does a low EtCO2 value indicate?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

What does a high EtCO2 value indicate?

Hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

When should capnography be used with pulse oximetry?

When monitoring oxygen saturation and ventilation in non-intubated patients Signup and view all the answers

What does capnography reflect immediately?

Ventilation Signup and view all the answers

In what situations should capnography be used for endotracheal tube (ETT) placement verification?

Anaphylaxis, CHF, and postictal state Signup and view all the answers