Capnography and Head Injuries
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?

  • Decreased respiratory rate
  • Decreased heart rate (correct)
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Decreased body temperature

What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP) to maintain normal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)?

  • Greater than 90mmHg
  • Between 70-90mmHg (correct)
  • Between 50-70mmHg
  • Less than 50mmHg

Which of the following is a common cause of cerebral vasodilation and increased ICP?

  • Hypovolemia
  • Hypercapnia (correct)
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hypoxia

Which type of skull fracture is associated with fracture of the auditory canal and lower areas of the skull?

<p>Basal skull fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate effect of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) on the brain?

<p>Immediate rise in ICP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of secondary brain injury?

<p>Hypotension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate treatment for a ruptured blood vessel within the brain?

<p>Surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score for a severe brain injury?

<p>Less than 9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cushing's triad (hypertension, reflex bradycardia, adventitious respirations) indicate?

<p>Increased ICP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the secondary survey in trauma assessment?

<p>To determine criticality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the appropriate management for a head laceration?

<p>Flush with sterile water and cover with a moist dressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done for a penetrating eye injury?

<p>Flush with sterile water and cover with a pad/donut bandage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a foreign object in the eye be managed?

<p>Flush with sterile water and cover both eyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of a flash burn to the eye?

<p>Burning watery eyes, red eyes, blurred vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of emergency care for a tooth avulsion?

<p>Re-implantation of the tooth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage medium for a avulsed tooth if milk is not available?

<p>Saline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of unequal pupils?

<p>Injury to the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of checking pupils for abnormalities?

<p>Use a penlight to assess reactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a head injury and a brain injury?

<p>Head injury affects the soft tissue of the head, while brain injury affects the brain parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences cerebral blood flow?

<p>Both blood pressure and vascular resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes capnography?

<p>The continuous analysis and recording of carbon dioxide concentrations in respiratory gases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of semi-quantitative capnometry?

<p>To rely on pH change and colorimetric paper to determine carbon dioxide concentrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the waveform shape in waveform capnography indicate?

<p>The airway and ventilation in the patient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sudden spike in the waveform in waveform capnography indicate?

<p>Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in cardiac arrest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does EtCO2 stand for?

<p>End-tidal carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a low EtCO2 value indicate?

<p>Hyperventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high EtCO2 value indicate?

<p>Hypoventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should capnography be used with pulse oximetry?

<p>When monitoring oxygen saturation and ventilation in non-intubated patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does capnography reflect immediately?

<p>Ventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situations should capnography be used for endotracheal tube (ETT) placement verification?

<p>Anaphylaxis, CHF, and postictal state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) sign

A symptom indicating elevated pressure within the skull.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) range

70-90 mmHg is crucial for maintaining proper cerebral blood flow.

Cerebral vasodilation + ICP cause

Hypercapnia (excess CO2) is a common reason for widened blood vessels and increased intracranial pressure.

Basal skull fracture

A fracture involving the base of the skull, often with ear canal involvement.

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Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) immediate effect

A rapid rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) is a direct outcome.

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Secondary brain injury sign

Low blood pressure (hypotension) is one indicator.

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Ruptured blood vessel brain treatment

Surgical intervention is often the most suitable response.

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Severe brain injury GCS score

A rating lower than 9 on the Glasgow Coma Scale.

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Cushing's triad

High blood pressure, slow heart rate, and unusual breathing patterns—signaling increased ICP.

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Secondary survey purpose

Determining a patient's critical condition and needs during a trauma assessment.

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Head laceration management

Clean with sterile water, cover with moist dressing.

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Penetrating eye injury management

Flush with sterile water and cover with a pad or donut bandage.

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Foreign object in eye management

Flush with sterile water and cover both eyes.

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Flash burn eye symptoms

Burning, watery eyes; redness; blurred vision.

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Tooth avulsion goal

Replantation of the tooth is the standard treatment goal.

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Avulsed tooth storage (no milk)

Store in saline solution.

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Unequal pupils cause

Nerve damage (injury) impacting brain function, one of the causes of unequal pupils.

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Pupil check procedure

Shine a penlight to assess pupil responsiveness.

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Head injury vs. brain injury

Head injury affects head tissues, while brain injury impacts the brain's core.

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Cerebral blood flow influences

Blood pressure and vascular resistance significantly affect cerebral blood flow.

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Capnography

Continuous recording of carbon dioxide in exhaled gases.

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Semi-quantitative capnography

Using pH change and colorimetric tests to estimate CO2 levels.

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Waveform capnography shape

Shape indicates airway and breathing performance.

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Sudden waveform spike

Indicates return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in cardiac arrest.

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EtCO2

End-tidal carbon dioxide.

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Low EtCO2

Indicates hyperventilation (rapid breathing).

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High EtCO2

Indicates hypoventilation (slow breathing).

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