Capacitor Banks in Power Systems

Describes how a power system behaves during unbalanced faults, giving the impedance to different phase sequence current components.

Impedance offered to the positive sequence current, where all quantities are equal and shifted by 120 degrees.

Impedance offered to the negative sequence current, which differs from the positive sequence.

Impedance offered to zero sequence current, a component of unbalanced faults.

Equivalent networks that represent a power system under imagined balanced conditions that consider only one phase component simultaneously.

A component of sequence networks that helps analyze balanced faults and load flow studies in the power system.

Mathematical tools (or technique) that break down unbalanced phases into three balanced components to make fault analysis easier.

An electrical fault where the three phases have different values (or magnitude).

Identical to the sequence reactance/impedance network for balanced system analysis.

Similar to positive sequence, but with the opposite sign of impedance.

Internal fault point-free; current flow caused by fault voltage.

Power system where different phases have different magnitudes (or values) due to a fault.

Ways transformers are connected to handle three-phase power. Can exist on the primary and secondary sides.

Three-phase transformer connection where all windings are in Delta configuration.

Three-phase transformer connection where windings are in Star configurations (both sides).

In the Star-Star connection, without a neutral, highly unbalanced load creates significant voltage imbalances.

Simplification of a network; all components reduced to a single Voltage and Impedance (for Sequence networks).

Networks used to analyze power systems during an unbalanced fault.

A three-winding transformer connection where the primary line voltage equals the secondary phase voltage, and secondary voltages are shifted 30° from the primary voltages.

A three-phase transformer connection with primary line voltage √3 times the primary phase voltage, and secondary line voltage equal to the secondary phase voltage.

A three-phase transformer connection using only two transformers, reducing the bank's rating to 58%.

The cosine of the angle between voltage and current in an AC circuit.

When circuit current lags behind the voltage, usually in inductive circuits.

When circuit current leads the voltage, usually in capacitive circuits.

Increasing the power factor, often by adding capacitive components to offset lagging inductive loads.

A load where the current in each phase is of different magnitude.

Problems which can occur in a Y-Y transformer connection, and which can be solved with a solid grounded neutral, and tertiary windings

Unbalanced loads will impact current flow per phase, and can lead to overloading if current is significantly increased

A method to identify areas in a distribution system with low power factor and determine capacitor bank size and placement.

The amount of kilovars (kVAR) needed to improve the power factor to the desired level.

A continuously connected capacitor bank.

Systems used to track and measure energy consumption, and power quality in industrial settings.

A digital meter providing real-time data and two-way communication for residential use.

Methods to increase the ratio of real power to apparent power, usually from 0.8 to 0.9 in large generators.

Device for improving power factor by supplying leading current.

Over-excited synchronous motor acting as a capacitor for power factor improvement.

Device providing exciting current to induction motors, improving leading power factor.

Ratio of real power to apparent power for a consumer’s load.

Ratio of real power to apparent power for the station's overall output.

Connecting capacitors to a distribution system for reactive power compensation and power factor improvement.

A power factor where reactive power is larger than real power.

A power factor where reactive power is smaller than real power

Improved power factor leads to savings in electricity costs and higher capacity utilization for generating stations.