Cannabis and Oral Health Implications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for vaporizing cannabis?

  • The vaporiser directly interacts with the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the brain.
  • The vaporiser stimulates the release of acetylcholine.
  • The cannabis is heated, causing the active components to vaporize and be inhaled. (correct)
  • The vaporiser inhibits the effects of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine.
  • What is a potential negative effect of vaporizing cannabis that has been studied?

  • Production of neurotoxic ammonia. (correct)
  • Increased risk of respiratory infections.
  • Increased risk of heart disease.
  • Increased risk of developing a dependence on cannabis.
  • How do synthetic cannabinoids differ from naturally occurring cannabinoids in cannabis?

  • Synthetic cannabinoids interact with different receptors than natural cannabinoids.
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are weaker than natural cannabinoids.
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are not psychoactive, unlike natural cannabinoids.
  • Synthetic cannabinoids are more potent than natural cannabinoids. (correct)
  • What is a potential effect of THC on the heart?

    <p>Decreased heart rate (bradycardia). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between cannabis use and tobacco smoking in terms of respiratory health?

    <p>Cannabis smoke contains fewer carcinogenic chemicals than tobacco smoke. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a weakened immune system in relation to candida?

    <p>Increased proliferation of candida leading to clinical manifestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary message conveyed in the statement: “IT IS IN THE PATIENT’S BEST INTEREST THAT RECREATIONAL HABITS ARE UNCOVERED AND BRIEFLY DISCUSSED SO THAT PATIENTS CAN BE DIRECTED TOWARDS SUPPORT”?

    <p>Doctors should be aware of patient's recreational habits for better care provision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided text, what is a contributing factor to the manifestation of candida?

    <p>A combination of poor denture hygiene, insufficient nutrition, and cannabis use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors has NOT been definitively linked to the development of oral cancer?

    <p>Cannabis use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the study carried out by Rosenblatt et al.31?

    <p>There is no association between cannabis use and oral cancer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key recommendation for future research on the role of cannabis in oral cancer?

    <p>Quantifying the amount of cannabis used by participants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to take a holistic approach when assessing patients with candida?

    <p>Other drugs and diseases can also contribute to candida. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text cites Darling et al.24 in describing a specific link between cannabis use and candida. What is that link?

    <p>Cannabis use increases the density of candida in individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a health care professional do to encourage patients to be open about their recreational drug use?

    <p>Provide reassurance that all information shared will be kept confidential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might patients be reluctant to reveal their recreational drug use to a health care professional?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a health care professional to be aware of a patient's recreational drug use?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a resource mentioned in the text that can provide information about cannabis use?

    <p>The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of confidentiality in the context of discussing recreational drug use with patients?

    <p>It promotes trust and encourages open communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text suggest that professionals can approach discussions about cannabis use with patients?

    <p>By using a structured approach based on existing guidelines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the primary reason why patients may be reluctant to disclose their recreational drug use?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a dedicated organization like Talk to Frank available for patients who use recreational drugs?

    <p>To provide them with accurate information and confidential support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential confounding factor that could influence the reliability of studies on the effects of cannabis on oral health?

    <p>The concurrent use of other recreational drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leukoedema described as in the text?

    <p>A variation of normal that is more common in a specific population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for 'painful fiery red gingivitis' mentioned in the text?

    <p>Gingivitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason given in the text for questioning the reliability of studies on the effects of cannabis on oral health?

    <p>The presence of confounding factors such as the use of other substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cannabis on leptin mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cannabis decreases leptin levels, resulting in decreased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition mentioned in the text as potentially being affected by heavy cannabis use?

    <p>Gingival enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The text suggests that cannabis users are at a higher risk of developing leukoedema.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the text in relation to cannabis and oral health?

    <p>The potential harms of cannabis use on oral health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible reason why the reduction in oral health caused by smoking is less significant in cannabis users?

    <p>The text does not provide information on this specific comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely reason for the text's focus on the concurrent use of other recreational drugs?

    <p>To highlight the difficulty of isolating the effects of cannabis on oral health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the organization or entity associated with the given web address?

    <p>BDJ Team (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year is associated with the copyright symbol in the content?

    <p>2016 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely primary purpose of the content presented?

    <p>To show a website address of a research team (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which organization is likely a parent company of Macmillan Publishers Limited?

    <p>Springer Nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could potentially be a related piece of content?

    <p>A website showcasing scientific research of the BDJ Team (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is typically found on the website indicated in the provided content?

    <p>Scientific research and publications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the content provided, which of the following is the most likely target audience of this information?

    <p>Scientists and researchers in a specific field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential reason for including the copyright information along with the website address?

    <p>To discourage plagiarism of research content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound that binds to the cannabinoid receptor?

    <p>THC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential oral health consequence of cannabis use?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is the potential link between cannabis use and caries in cigarette smokers?

    <p>Cannabis use further increases the existing risk of caries in cigarette smokers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential oral manifestation of drug abuse?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the professional organization that published the study on cannabinoid receptors and their ligands?

    <p>International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies focused on the relationship between social drug use/abuse and dental disease?

    <p>Silverstein S J.Relation between social drug use/abuse and dental disease in California U S A.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1973; 1: 89–93. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies specifically focused on the oral effects of drug abuse?

    <p>Rees T D.Oral effects of drug abuse.Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1992; 3: 163–184. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following studies explored the effects of cannabis use on oral candidal carriage?

    <p>Darling M R, Arendorf T M, Coldrey N A.Effects of cannabis use on oral candidal carriage.J Oral Pathol Med 1990; 19: 319–321. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    NPS

    Inhibition of vagal stimulation through interactions with neurotransmitters.

    Vaporisers

    Devices that vaporise active cannabis components for inhalation.

    Synthetic cannabinoids

    Intentionally modified compounds similar to those in cannabis.

    Bradycardia

    Slowed heart rate, can be induced by cannabis use.

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    Respiratory effects of cannabis

    Significant impacts on the respiratory system similar to tobacco smoking.

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    Macmillan Publishers

    A global publishing company known for educational and academic content.

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    BDJ Team

    A team associated with the British Dental Journal focusing on dental research and communication.

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    Nature.com

    A prominent online platform for scientific research publications and articles.

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    Springer Nature

    A leading global publisher that combines Springer and Nature Publishing Group.

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    Educational Content

    Materials and resources aimed at facilitating learning or teaching.

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    Academic Publishing

    The process of publishing scholarly research in journals and books.

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    Dental Research

    Scientific investigations aimed at improving dental health and treatments.

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    Research Communication

    The practice of sharing research findings with various audiences.

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    Cannabis use implications

    The potential effects and considerations of using cannabis, especially concerning health care and patient discussions.

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    Patient confidentiality

    The ethical duty of health care professionals to keep patient information private and secure.

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    Informed consent

    The process of getting permission from patients after they fully understand the information and implications of their choices.

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    Recreational drug habits

    Patterns of usage in drugs like cannabis that are not for medical purposes and may be hidden from healthcare providers.

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    Discussing drug use

    The challenge healthcare professionals face when addressing a patient's recreational drug habits.

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    NHS Stop Smoking

    A resource providing information and support for individuals looking to quit smoking, useful for related discussions like cannabis use.

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    Talk to Frank

    An organization offering advice on drug use, including cannabis, to help educate patients and professionals.

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    Delivering Better Oral Health

    A framework that offers guidance on improving oral health which can be applied to discussions about drug use like cannabis.

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    Cannabis and oral cancer

    Cannabis use may impact oral cancer risk, similar to tobacco.

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    Candida proliferation

    Candida can grow more in patients using cannabis compared to non-users.

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    Holistic approach

    Evaluating patients should consider multiple health factors beyond cannabis use.

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    Immunosuppressive drugs

    Medications that weaken the immune system, allowing infections like candida to thrive.

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    Recommendations for research

    Future studies should explore cannabis effects in a legal framework for accuracy.

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    Oral tongue

    Increased oral cancer cases noted specifically in the oral tongue region.

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    Denture hygiene

    Poor hygiene of dentures can contribute to candida around cannabis users.

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    Non-cigarette tobacco use

    Individuals using non-cigarette tobacco (e.g., marijuana) may face oral health risks.

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    Leukoedema

    A bilateral, diffuse, translucent greyish thickening of the buccal mucosa.

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    Gingival Enlargement

    Swelling of the gingiva, often seen in heavy cannabis users.

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    Cannabis and Leptin

    Cannabis affects leptin, which may influence appetite and fat regulation.

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    Painful Fiery Red Gingivitis

    A severe form of gingivitis characterized by redness and pain, found in some cannabis users.

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    Confounding Factors

    Other variables that can affect study results, complicating conclusions.

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    Recreational Drug Use

    Using drugs for pleasure that can influence oral health negatively.

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    Translucent Mucosa

    A clear and semi-transparent appearance of mucosal tissue, as in leukoedema.

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    Oral Environment Effects

    Changes in the mouth due to substances like cannabis smoking.

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    Afro-Caribbean Variation

    A noticeable oral health variation more common in Afro-Caribbean individuals.

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    Heavy Cannabis Users

    Individuals who frequently use cannabis, often experiencing specific oral health issues.

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    Cannabinoid receptors

    Receptors in the body that bind to cannabinoids.

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    CB1 and CB2 receptors

    Types of cannabinoid receptors affecting various bodily functions.

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    Impact of cannabis on oral health

    Regular cannabis use may increase dental issues, including caries.

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    Oral candidal carriage

    Presence of Candida fungus in the mouth, potentially affected by drug use.

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    Drug abuse and dental disease

    Correlation between drug use (including cannabis) and increased dental issues.

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    Cannabis and autoimmune modulation

    Cannabis use can influence immune system functions.

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    Benign chronic mucosal lesions

    Non-cancerous lesions that can appear in the mouth.

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    Carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke

    The potential of marijuana smoke to cause cancer.

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    Study Notes

    Cannabis: A Joint Problem for the Dental Team

    • Cannabis is a commonly abused drug in the UK, with approximately 147 million users globally (2.5%).
    • In England and Wales, it's the most commonly used illegal drug, classified as a class B substance.
    • Cannabis use among 16-24-year-olds was 16.3% in 2014/2015, though usage in the general population declined from 2006-2015.
    • Cannabinoids are in different forms (marijuana, hashish, hash oil). Marijuana is dried leaves/flowers, smoked in joints. Hashish is resin extract from the flower head, and hash oil is a concentrated liquid from hashish (less common).
    • Administration methods include smoking (joints, pipes, vapes) and edibles.
    • THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the most potent and psychoactive cannabinoid. It interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system (receptors CB1 and CB2). CB1 is in the brain, and CB2 is in immune cells/tissues.

    Oral Implications of Cannabis Use

    • Cannabis use can affect oral health through xerostomia (dry mouth), which increases caries risk.
    • Studies have shown a higher frequency of carious lesions and a higher DMFT score (decayed, missing, filled teeth) in cannabis users (compared to controls) due to diminished saliva, oral hygiene, and high sugar intake.
    • Oral irritation risk is due to the higher combustion temperatures, especially with regards to soft tissue. Leukoedema (whiteness of the mucosal lining) may be increased in cannabis users.
    • Periodontal disease correlates to xerostomia impacting saliva's protective role. Gingival enlargement has been observed in heavy cannabis users.
    • Possible link to oral cancer, although studies are inconsistent, pointing to a need for more conclusive research.
    • Opportunistic infections, like candida, may also proliferate due to the immunosuppressive effects of THC.
    • Important to assess diet and frequency of dental visits for patients utilizing the drug.

    Routes of Cannabis Administration and Effects

    • Smoking is the most common method, providing fast results (within minutes) that usually last 2-3 hours; THC stays in adipose tissue for up to 30 days.
    • Vaporisation is a growing trend, which is less harmful than smoking. However, some concerns about neurotoxic ammonia production.
    • Ingestion (edibles) usually delays effects by 1-3 hours but prolongs action.

    New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)

    • NPS (synthetics) mimic cannabinoids but are not regulated.
    • Cannabis-like NPS are modified and sprayed onto plant material. Potency differs, often greater than THC, with unpredictable effects.
    • These unregulated substances pose a greater challenge to healthcare professionals and the Department of Health.

    General Effects of Cannabis Use

    • Cannabis impacts multiple body systems (respiratory, cardiovascular, CNS).
    • Variation among individuals and depending on the preparation/intoxication mode.
    • Heart rate may increase initially, and some regular users may experience bradycardia (slowed heart rate).
    • Similarities in carcinogenic chemicals between cannabis and tobacco smoke have been noted.

    Identifying and Addressing Cannabis Use

    • Medical history forms need adjustment to include recreational substance use questions.
    • Patients should be made aware of confidentiality.
    • "Ask, Advice and Act" framework is recommended (from Delivering Better Oral Health), with a brief advice period. Delay warnings, focusing on educational periods instead.
    • Patients should be guided towards appropriate support (general practitioner, Stop Smoking Services, Talk to Frank).

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the implications of cannabis use on oral health, focusing on its prevalence, different forms, and effects on the dental team. Examine the relationship between cannabinoids and oral health, particularly the impacts of THC. Understand how cannabis consumption methods can influence dental care strategies.

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