Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a potential outcome of severe periodontal disease related to attachment loss?
What is a potential outcome of severe periodontal disease related to attachment loss?
Which condition is NOT identified as a rare clinical presentation of periodontal disease?
Which condition is NOT identified as a rare clinical presentation of periodontal disease?
Which treatment option is commonly performed to manage periodontal disease?
Which treatment option is commonly performed to manage periodontal disease?
In which of the following treatments is pulp tissue removed through the crown of the tooth?
In which of the following treatments is pulp tissue removed through the crown of the tooth?
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What procedure may be employed in treating bony defects associated with periodontal disease?
What procedure may be employed in treating bony defects associated with periodontal disease?
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Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of periodontal disease?
Which of the following is least likely to be a consequence of periodontal disease?
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What is the primary aim of performing root planning in periodontal therapy?
What is the primary aim of performing root planning in periodontal therapy?
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Which treatment option is least commonly performed in endodontic therapy?
Which treatment option is least commonly performed in endodontic therapy?
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What is a common symptom of acute pulpal exposure in animals?
What is a common symptom of acute pulpal exposure in animals?
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Which type of teeth is most frequently affected by feline tooth resorptive lesions?
Which type of teeth is most frequently affected by feline tooth resorptive lesions?
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What clinical sign is associated with chronic pulpal exposure?
What clinical sign is associated with chronic pulpal exposure?
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What radiographic change is commonly associated with chronic endodontic disease?
What radiographic change is commonly associated with chronic endodontic disease?
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When using a dental explorer on a cat with tooth resorptive lesions, what should be expected?
When using a dental explorer on a cat with tooth resorptive lesions, what should be expected?
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What might hide feline tooth resorptive lesions from view during a dental examination?
What might hide feline tooth resorptive lesions from view during a dental examination?
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What has been indicated about the restoration of teeth with feline tooth resorptive lesions that extend into dentine?
What has been indicated about the restoration of teeth with feline tooth resorptive lesions that extend into dentine?
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What is a notable characteristic of teeth affected with endodontic disease in young dogs?
What is a notable characteristic of teeth affected with endodontic disease in young dogs?
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Which of the following best describes the maxillary premolars in cats?
Which of the following best describes the maxillary premolars in cats?
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What is the primary role of the crown in a tooth?
What is the primary role of the crown in a tooth?
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Which statement accurately describes the maxillary and mandibular molars in dogs?
Which statement accurately describes the maxillary and mandibular molars in dogs?
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What is the hardest substance in the body that covers the outer layer of the crown?
What is the hardest substance in the body that covers the outer layer of the crown?
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Which of the following correctly describes the largest cheek tooth in the maxilla of dogs?
Which of the following correctly describes the largest cheek tooth in the maxilla of dogs?
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Identify the structure responsible for the separation between the crown and the root of a tooth.
Identify the structure responsible for the separation between the crown and the root of a tooth.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the mandibular premolars in cats?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the mandibular premolars in cats?
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What constitutes the innermost layer of the tooth?
What constitutes the innermost layer of the tooth?
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What characterizes an undershot bite in small animals?
What characterizes an undershot bite in small animals?
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Which type of dental caries is least likely to be found in dogs?
Which type of dental caries is least likely to be found in dogs?
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What is a common consequence of persistent deciduous teeth in small-breed dogs?
What is a common consequence of persistent deciduous teeth in small-breed dogs?
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Which statement about lip-fold pyoderma is true?
Which statement about lip-fold pyoderma is true?
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What describes the appearance of early dental caries in small animals?
What describes the appearance of early dental caries in small animals?
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When are dental caries most likely to progress rapidly after enamel perforation?
When are dental caries most likely to progress rapidly after enamel perforation?
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What is a characteristic of supernumerary teeth in dogs?
What is a characteristic of supernumerary teeth in dogs?
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What is a key factor contributing to the development of lip-fold pyoderma?
What is a key factor contributing to the development of lip-fold pyoderma?
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What condition is associated with immune-mediated disease affecting the muscles of mastication in certain dog breeds?
What condition is associated with immune-mediated disease affecting the muscles of mastication in certain dog breeds?
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What diagnostic test is used to confirm masticatory muscle myositis?
What diagnostic test is used to confirm masticatory muscle myositis?
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Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of dental disease in lagomorphs?
Which of the following is NOT a clinical sign of dental disease in lagomorphs?
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Which type of dental formula is characteristic of lagomorphs like rabbits?
Which type of dental formula is characteristic of lagomorphs like rabbits?
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Which of the following malignant oral tumors is most common in cats?
Which of the following malignant oral tumors is most common in cats?
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What treatment approach is recommended for masticatory muscle myositis under general anesthesia?
What treatment approach is recommended for masticatory muscle myositis under general anesthesia?
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What characteristic of lagomorph teeth allows them to grow continuously throughout life?
What characteristic of lagomorph teeth allows them to grow continuously throughout life?
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What is a common cause of incisor overgrowth in rabbits?
What is a common cause of incisor overgrowth in rabbits?
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What is the total number of permanent teeth in cats?
What is the total number of permanent teeth in cats?
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Which teeth in dogs have three roots in their permanent dentition?
Which teeth in dogs have three roots in their permanent dentition?
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How many maxillary premolars do adult dogs have on each side?
How many maxillary premolars do adult dogs have on each side?
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Which type of teeth in cats are used primarily for puncturing and tearing?
Which type of teeth in cats are used primarily for puncturing and tearing?
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In canine dentition, which of the following teeth is not present in cats?
In canine dentition, which of the following teeth is not present in cats?
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What type of root structure do all incisor and canine teeth in cats have?
What type of root structure do all incisor and canine teeth in cats have?
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Which cheek teeth in the dog typically have two roots?
Which cheek teeth in the dog typically have two roots?
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What is the primary function of premolar teeth in dogs?
What is the primary function of premolar teeth in dogs?
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What percentage of attachment loss is typically indicated in Stage III (moderate periodontal disease)?
What percentage of attachment loss is typically indicated in Stage III (moderate periodontal disease)?
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Which clinical presentation is least associated with periodontal disease?
Which clinical presentation is least associated with periodontal disease?
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In which tooth type does the growth stop once the apex forms?
In which tooth type does the growth stop once the apex forms?
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Which of the following can indicate severe periodontal disease?
Which of the following can indicate severe periodontal disease?
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What complication might arise from deep periodontal pockets?
What complication might arise from deep periodontal pockets?
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Which factor is closely associated with the severity of periodontal disease in dogs?
Which factor is closely associated with the severity of periodontal disease in dogs?
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Which age group is most likely to experience periodontal disease?
Which age group is most likely to experience periodontal disease?
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What is the main cause of periodontal disease in dogs and cats?
What is the main cause of periodontal disease in dogs and cats?
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What conservative management approach can be used for resorptive lesions that only involve the root?
What conservative management approach can be used for resorptive lesions that only involve the root?
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Which treatment is considered ideal for advanced lesions but is often not feasible?
Which treatment is considered ideal for advanced lesions but is often not feasible?
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What is described as dental wear due to the contact of a tooth with non-dental materials?
What is described as dental wear due to the contact of a tooth with non-dental materials?
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What potential cause of feline gingivostomatitis may involve viral agents?
What potential cause of feline gingivostomatitis may involve viral agents?
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What type of dentin is observable on teeth responding to dental wear?
What type of dentin is observable on teeth responding to dental wear?
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How does severe dental wear potentially affect pulp health?
How does severe dental wear potentially affect pulp health?
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Which treatment is specifically limited to young dogs with recent pulpal exposure?
Which treatment is specifically limited to young dogs with recent pulpal exposure?
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What oral pathologic findings are associated with feline gingivostomatitis?
What oral pathologic findings are associated with feline gingivostomatitis?
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What might occur as a result of periodontal disease affecting bone loss?
What might occur as a result of periodontal disease affecting bone loss?
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Which treatment option is directly aimed at removing infected pulp tissue?
Which treatment option is directly aimed at removing infected pulp tissue?
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What is the purpose of performing scaling in periodontal treatment?
What is the purpose of performing scaling in periodontal treatment?
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Which of the following describes a rare treatment approach for endodontic issues?
Which of the following describes a rare treatment approach for endodontic issues?
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What clinical issue can result from periodontal disease extending to the oral cavity?
What clinical issue can result from periodontal disease extending to the oral cavity?
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Which of the following is associated with the complication of tooth loss due to periodontal disease?
Which of the following is associated with the complication of tooth loss due to periodontal disease?
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Which condition is likely to be a consequence of severe attachment loss in periodontal disease?
Which condition is likely to be a consequence of severe attachment loss in periodontal disease?
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What procedure may be used to repair a communication between the oral cavity and nasal cavity caused by periodontal disease?
What procedure may be used to repair a communication between the oral cavity and nasal cavity caused by periodontal disease?
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What is a common consequence of having persistent deciduous teeth in small-breed dogs?
What is a common consequence of having persistent deciduous teeth in small-breed dogs?
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Which type of bite is characterized by the mandible being longer than the upper jaw?
Which type of bite is characterized by the mandible being longer than the upper jaw?
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What environmental condition contributes to lip-fold pyoderma in animals?
What environmental condition contributes to lip-fold pyoderma in animals?
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Which dental issue is primarily associated with molar teeth in small animals?
Which dental issue is primarily associated with molar teeth in small animals?
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What may occur as a result of untreated dental caries following enamel perforation?
What may occur as a result of untreated dental caries following enamel perforation?
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Which condition involves the presence of additional teeth that may cause dental crowding?
Which condition involves the presence of additional teeth that may cause dental crowding?
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Which of the following best describes dental caries in small animals?
Which of the following best describes dental caries in small animals?
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What type of dental issue is least likely to affect cats in comparison to dogs?
What type of dental issue is least likely to affect cats in comparison to dogs?
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How many maxillary molars are present on each side in dogs?
How many maxillary molars are present on each side in dogs?
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Which type of tooth structure is found in the innermost layer of a tooth?
Which type of tooth structure is found in the innermost layer of a tooth?
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Which of the following teeth is characterized by having two roots in cats?
Which of the following teeth is characterized by having two roots in cats?
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What distinguishes the largest maxillary cheek tooth in dogs from that in cats?
What distinguishes the largest maxillary cheek tooth in dogs from that in cats?
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What is the primary distinction between the mandibular molars present in dogs and those in cats?
What is the primary distinction between the mandibular molars present in dogs and those in cats?
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Which structure separates the crown from the root of a tooth?
Which structure separates the crown from the root of a tooth?
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What is the primary feature of the carnassial teeth in dogs and cats?
What is the primary feature of the carnassial teeth in dogs and cats?
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What is the primary cause of periodontal disease in pets?
What is the primary cause of periodontal disease in pets?
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Which statement accurately describes the roots of multi-rooted teeth?
Which statement accurately describes the roots of multi-rooted teeth?
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In Stage III of periodontal disease, what is the expected attachment loss range?
In Stage III of periodontal disease, what is the expected attachment loss range?
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What is a common clinical presentation of periodontal disease in dogs and cats?
What is a common clinical presentation of periodontal disease in dogs and cats?
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How does periodontal disease typically progress in pets?
How does periodontal disease typically progress in pets?
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What is typically observed in Stage IV of periodontal disease?
What is typically observed in Stage IV of periodontal disease?
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Which of the following are likely late-stage complications of periodontal disease?
Which of the following are likely late-stage complications of periodontal disease?
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What is the significance of periodontal ligament in dental health?
What is the significance of periodontal ligament in dental health?
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Which dental examination method is crucial for diagnosing periodontal disease?
Which dental examination method is crucial for diagnosing periodontal disease?
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What is the normal depth range of the gingival sulcus in dogs?
What is the normal depth range of the gingival sulcus in dogs?
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What composition do periodontal ligaments primarily consist of?
What composition do periodontal ligaments primarily consist of?
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Which feature distinguishes Stage I periodontal disease?
Which feature distinguishes Stage I periodontal disease?
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How does the radiographic appearance of the periodontal ligament typically present?
How does the radiographic appearance of the periodontal ligament typically present?
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What anatomical structure separates the crown of a tooth from its root?
What anatomical structure separates the crown of a tooth from its root?
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What type of examination may indicate attachment loss of up to 25% in Stage II periodontal disease?
What type of examination may indicate attachment loss of up to 25% in Stage II periodontal disease?
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What best describes the composition of the interradicular bone?
What best describes the composition of the interradicular bone?
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What is the purpose of the periodontal ligament?
What is the purpose of the periodontal ligament?
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How many deciduous teeth do adult cats have?
How many deciduous teeth do adult cats have?
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Which of the following correctly describes the permanent dentition of dogs?
Which of the following correctly describes the permanent dentition of dogs?
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What is the root structure of the first maxillary cheek tooth in dogs?
What is the root structure of the first maxillary cheek tooth in dogs?
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In adult dogs, which type of teeth are characterized by having three roots?
In adult dogs, which type of teeth are characterized by having three roots?
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How many maxillary premolars do adult dogs typically have on each side?
How many maxillary premolars do adult dogs typically have on each side?
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Which teeth are used primarily for shearing in dogs?
Which teeth are used primarily for shearing in dogs?
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Which of the following statements about canine teeth in cats is true?
Which of the following statements about canine teeth in cats is true?
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What differentiates the canine teeth of dogs and cats?
What differentiates the canine teeth of dogs and cats?
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What is the primary cause of endodontic disease in small animals?
What is the primary cause of endodontic disease in small animals?
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What is typically NOT seen as an initial event in feline tooth resorption?
What is typically NOT seen as an initial event in feline tooth resorption?
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Which clinical sign is commonly associated with resorptive lesions in feline teeth?
Which clinical sign is commonly associated with resorptive lesions in feline teeth?
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What is a characteristic of the progression of feline tooth resorptive lesions?
What is a characteristic of the progression of feline tooth resorptive lesions?
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Which type of tooth is most frequently fractured in dogs?
Which type of tooth is most frequently fractured in dogs?
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What stage in the development of endodontic disease involves the formation of periapical abscesses?
What stage in the development of endodontic disease involves the formation of periapical abscesses?
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What contributes to the clinical problems associated with endodontic disease?
What contributes to the clinical problems associated with endodontic disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a common event in the series leading to endodontic disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common event in the series leading to endodontic disease?
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What is the total number of teeth in permanent dentition for dogs?
What is the total number of teeth in permanent dentition for dogs?
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Which of the following statements about the canine teeth in dogs is correct?
Which of the following statements about the canine teeth in dogs is correct?
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Which type of teeth in dogs are utilized mainly for crushing?
Which type of teeth in dogs are utilized mainly for crushing?
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How many roots do the 1st maxillary molar teeth of dogs typically have?
How many roots do the 1st maxillary molar teeth of dogs typically have?
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What is unique about the maxillary premolars in cats compared to dogs?
What is unique about the maxillary premolars in cats compared to dogs?
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How many mandibular premolars are present in adult dogs on each side?
How many mandibular premolars are present in adult dogs on each side?
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What differentiates the root structure of canine teeth in cats from dogs?
What differentiates the root structure of canine teeth in cats from dogs?
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What is the primary role of premolars in canine dentition?
What is the primary role of premolars in canine dentition?
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What is the number of maxillary molars present in a cat?
What is the number of maxillary molars present in a cat?
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Which teeth in the cat are specifically mentioned as having two roots?
Which teeth in the cat are specifically mentioned as having two roots?
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What substance is described as the hardest in the body, covering the outer layer of the crown of a tooth?
What substance is described as the hardest in the body, covering the outer layer of the crown of a tooth?
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Which of the following is the largest mandibular cheek tooth in the dog?
Which of the following is the largest mandibular cheek tooth in the dog?
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What identifies the point where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth branch from the crown?
What identifies the point where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth branch from the crown?
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How many mandibular molars are present on each side in dogs?
How many mandibular molars are present on each side in dogs?
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Which layer forms the intermediate substance of a tooth located beneath the enamel?
Which layer forms the intermediate substance of a tooth located beneath the enamel?
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What is the primary distinguishing feature of the largest cheek tooth in the maxilla of dogs?
What is the primary distinguishing feature of the largest cheek tooth in the maxilla of dogs?
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Which of the following best describes the characteristic of a tooth that becomes mobile due to periodontal disease?
Which of the following best describes the characteristic of a tooth that becomes mobile due to periodontal disease?
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What is the relationship between tooth type and periodontal disease severity in small-breed dogs?
What is the relationship between tooth type and periodontal disease severity in small-breed dogs?
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Which clinical sign indicates severe periodontal disease with greater than 50% attachment loss?
Which clinical sign indicates severe periodontal disease with greater than 50% attachment loss?
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What condition might develop as a secondary consequence of periodontal disease progression?
What condition might develop as a secondary consequence of periodontal disease progression?
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What is primarily responsible for the inflammation seen in periodontal disease?
What is primarily responsible for the inflammation seen in periodontal disease?
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In which stage of periodontal disease may one expect to see attachment loss between 25% and 50%?
In which stage of periodontal disease may one expect to see attachment loss between 25% and 50%?
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What is a common clinical presentation of periodontal disease, apart from mobile teeth?
What is a common clinical presentation of periodontal disease, apart from mobile teeth?
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What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus in cats?
What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus in cats?
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Which of the following statements about geographical prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs is most accurate?
Which of the following statements about geographical prevalence of periodontal disease in dogs is most accurate?
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Which structure attaches the cementum of the root of the tooth to the alveolar bone?
Which structure attaches the cementum of the root of the tooth to the alveolar bone?
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At what stage of periodontal disease is there no attachment loss, but the gingiva is inflamed?
At what stage of periodontal disease is there no attachment loss, but the gingiva is inflamed?
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What is the minimum attachment loss indicated in Stage II (early periodontal disease)?
What is the minimum attachment loss indicated in Stage II (early periodontal disease)?
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What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus in dogs?
What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus in dogs?
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Which part of the tooth is primarily composed of a hard, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth?
Which part of the tooth is primarily composed of a hard, calcified tissue that forms the bulk of the tooth?
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What is the material that covers the roots of the tooth and helps protect and attach it within the alveolar bone?
What is the material that covers the roots of the tooth and helps protect and attach it within the alveolar bone?
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Which of the following structures can be seen radiographically as a radiolucent area surrounding the root?
Which of the following structures can be seen radiographically as a radiolucent area surrounding the root?
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What is a key difference in clinical signs between acute and chronic pulpal exposure?
What is a key difference in clinical signs between acute and chronic pulpal exposure?
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In the context of feline tooth resorptive lesions, which of the following statements is true regarding the affected teeth?
In the context of feline tooth resorptive lesions, which of the following statements is true regarding the affected teeth?
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What is the significance of using a dental explorer during evaluation of tooth resorptive lesions?
What is the significance of using a dental explorer during evaluation of tooth resorptive lesions?
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Which radiographic change is indicative of chronic endodontic disease?
Which radiographic change is indicative of chronic endodontic disease?
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Why are dental radiographs necessary in the assessment of feline tooth resorptive lesions?
Why are dental radiographs necessary in the assessment of feline tooth resorptive lesions?
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What has been revealed about the restoration of teeth with feline tooth resorptive lesions extending into the dentine?
What has been revealed about the restoration of teeth with feline tooth resorptive lesions extending into the dentine?
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What is an observable characteristic of teeth affected with endodontic disease in young dogs?
What is an observable characteristic of teeth affected with endodontic disease in young dogs?
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Which factors may hide feline tooth resorptive lesions from the veterinarian during an examination?
Which factors may hide feline tooth resorptive lesions from the veterinarian during an examination?
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Study Notes
Canine and Feline Dental Anatomy
- Maxillary Premolars: Dogs have four maxillary premolars, while cats have three.
- Mandibular Premolars: Cats have two mandibular premolars (3rd and 4th), while dogs have four.
- Maxillary Molars: Dogs have two maxillary molars (1st and 2nd), whereas cats have only one (1st).
- Mandibular Molars: Dogs have three mandibular molars (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), while cats have only one (1st).
- Carnassial Teeth: The largest maxillary cheek teeth in dogs and cats are the maxillary 4th premolars. The largest mandibular cheek teeth are the mandibular 1st molars.
Gross Anatomy of the Tooth
- Crown: The visible portion of the tooth.
- Root: The portion embedded in the bone of the maxilla or mandible.
- Enamel: The hardest substance in the body covering the outer layer of the crown.
- Dentin: The intermediate layer of the tooth, forming the bulk of the calcified tooth structure.
- Pulp: The innermost layer containing nervous, vascular, and loose connective tissue.
- Cementum: The outer layer of the root.
- Cemento-enamel Junction: Separates the crown from the root.
- Furcation: The point where multiple roots branch from the crown.
- Apex: The tip of the root.
Periodontitis
- Clinical signs: Destruction of periodontal bone, gingival recession, furcation exposure, and ultimately tooth loss.
-
Treatment options:
- Dental charting with periodontal probes and radiographs.
- Supragingival and subgingival scaling.
- Root planning and subgingival curettage.
- Polishing or irrigation.
- Gingivectomy.
- Open-flap curettage with augmentation of bony defects.
- Perioceutics.
- Exodontia (extractions).
- Oronasal fistula repair.
- Home care.
Endodontic Disease and Pulp Exposure
- Acute Pulpal Exposure: Hypersalivation, reluctance to eat, and bleeding at the site of exposure.
- Chronic Pulpal Exposure: Facial swelling, sneezing, nasal discharge, and mucosal or cutaneous fistulas.
- Radiographic Changes: Periapical lysis, apical lysis, large endodontic canals.
Endodontic Therapy
- Pulpotomy: Removal of the coronal pulp, followed by conventional root canal therapy when the dentin is thick and the pulp canal is narrower.
- Conventional Endodontic Therapy: Removal of pulp tissue and placement of an inert material in the pulp canal.
- Surgical Endodontic Therapy: Conventional therapy followed by amputation of the tooth's apex.
Feline Tooth Resorptive Lesions
- Affected Teeth: All types of teeth may be affected, but mandibular 3rd premolars are most common.
- Clinical Signs: Pain when the lesion involves the crown, lesions may be hidden by plaque or gum tissue.
- Evaluation: Dental explorers can be used to localize lesions, and radiographs are necessary to determine treatment.
- Treatment: Restoration of lesions extending into dentin but not involving pulp tissue has proven unsuccessful. Extraction is generally recommended.
Dental Caries
- Cause: Exposure to dietary carbohydrates.
- Frequency: Rare in dogs, not reported in cats.
- Clinical Presentation: Dark brown spots, sticky or soft feel when probed.
- Progression: Rapid progression in dentin, leading to tooth structure loss, pulpitis, pain, and ultimately necrosis.
- Treatment: Restoration or extraction.
Lip-Fold Pyoderma
- Cause: Deep skin folds rubbing against each other causing irritation.
- Contributing Factors: Moist, dark, and warm environment supporting bacterial growth.
Incisor and Cheek Teeth Overgrowth
- Similar to Lagomorphs: Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares, etc.) have continuously growing teeth and are prone to overgrowth.
Masticatory Muscle Myositis
- Cause: Immune-mediated disease affecting muscles of mastication.
- Breed Predisposition: German Shepherds and other large-breed dogs.
- Clinical Presentation: Inability to open mouth, muscle atrophy.
- Diagnostics: Autoantibodies to type 2M myosin in muscle and serum, muscle biopsy.
- Treatment: Forced mouth opening under anesthesia, immunosuppressive steroids.
Common Malignant Oral Tumors
- Dogs: Melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma.
- Cats: Squamous cell carcinoma (most common).
Equine Dentistry
- Dental Formula: 2 (I3/3, C0-1/0-1, P3-4/3, M3/3), totaling 36-42 teeth.
- Tooth Type: Hypsodont dentition – teeth with long reserve crowns that shorten throughout life due to attrition.
Lagomorph and Rodent Dentistry
-
Lagomorphs (Rabbits):
- Dental Formula: 2 (I2/1, C0/0, P3/2, M3/3), totaling 28 teeth.
- All teeth are radicular hypsodont, meaning they grow continuously.
- Clinical Signs of Dental Disease: Changes in food preference, dropping food, anorexia, ocular or nasal discharge, hypersalivation, grinding teeth, inadequate grooming.
- Incisor Overgrowth: Common due to inadequate abrasive properties in the diet.
- Rodents: (Vary based on species)
Dental Formulas
- Dogs: 28 deciduous teeth and 42 permanent
- Cats: 26 deciduous teeth and 30 permanent
Root Structure
-
Adult Dogs: Incisors and canines have 1 root.
- 1st maxillary premolar (cheek tooth) has 1 root
- 2nd and 3rd maxillary premolars have 2 roots
- 4th maxillary premolar, 1st molar, and 2nd molar have 3 roots
- Most mandibular cheek teeth have 2 roots, except the first and last which have 1 root
-
Adult Cats: Incisors and canines have 1 root.
- 2nd maxillary premolar has 1 root
- 3rd maxillary premolar has 2 roots
- 4th maxillary premolar has 3 roots
- Small maxillary 1st molar has 2 roots
- Mandibular cheek teeth have 2 roots
Periodontal Disease (Common Dental Disease)
- Pathophysiology: Most common in dogs and often found in cats. It's caused by bacterial plaque on the teeth.
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Stages:
- Stage I (Gingivitis): Inflamed gums, plaque buildup.
- Stage II (Early Periodontal Disease): Plaque and calculus buildup, gingivitis, slight attachment loss around the tooth.
- Stage III (Moderate Periodontal Disease): 25-50% attachment loss, teeth become mobile.
- Stage IV (Severe Periodontal Disease): Over 50% attachment loss, teeth are loose.
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Clinical Presentations:
- Common: Loose teeth, abscesses around the roots, receding gums, bleeding gums, deep pockets in gums, oronasal fistulas (connecting mouth and nose).
- Uncommon: Heavy gum bleeding, bone fractures in jaw, painful ulcers in mouth, teeth migrating inside nose, bone infection, eye problems.
- Treatment: Dental charting (assessing attachment loss), scaling, root planning/curettage, polishing/irrigation, gingivectomy, open flap surgery (bone grafts), perioceutics (medications), extractions, oronasal fistula repair, home care.
Radiographic Loss of Tooth Structure to Pulp
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Treatment:
- Vital Pulpotomy: For young dogs with large pulp canals and recent exposure. It tries to keep the pulp alive.
- Conventional Endodontic Therapy (Root Canal): Pulp tissue removed and the canal is filled to prevent infection. Most common type of endodontic therapy.
- Surgical Endodontic Therapy: Less common, combines conventional therapy with tooth apex amputation.
Feline Gingivostomatitis
- Pathophysiology: Cause is unknown but thought to be immune-mediated.
- Clinical Presentations: Severe inflammation in mouth, gums, tongue, and back of the mouth.
- Diagnosis: Based on clinical signs.
Miscellaneous Dental Diseases
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Normal Occlusion and Malocclusions:
- Normal Scissors Bite: Upper incisors slightly overlap lower incisors.
- Undershot (Mandibular Prognathic Bite): Lower jaw is longer than upper jaw, lower incisors are farther forward.
- Overshot (Mandibular Brachygnathic Bite): Upper incisors are significantly farther forward than lower incisors.
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Abnormal Number of Teeth:
- Persistent Deciduous Teeth: Common in small breed dogs, should be removed to allow permanent teeth to erupt properly.
- Supernumerary Teeth (Extra Teeth): Common in dogs, may be genetic or due to development problems. Requires extraction.
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Dental Wear:
- Attrition: Wear from tooth-to-tooth contact.
- Abrasion: Wear from contact with non-dental materials (like bones).
- Tertiary Dentin: Hardened, dark brown dentin that forms in response to wear.
- Enamel Hypoplasia: Disruption during enamel formation, leads to enamel defects.
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Dental Caries: Rare in dogs and not reported in cats. Often affects molar teeth. May appear as dark brown spots, eventually leading to pulp damage and pain.
- Treatment: Restoration or extraction.
- Lip-Fold Pyoderma: Skin irritation and infection due to skin folds rubbing together. Occurs in dogs with folds around the mouth.
Dental Formulas
- Dogs have 28 deciduous teeth
- Dogs have 42 permanent teeth
- Cats have 26 deciduous teeth
- Cats have 30 permanent teeth
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Deciduous teeth:
- 3 Incisors per quadrant, on upper and lower jaws
- 1 Canine per quadrant, on upper and lower jaws
- Premolars:
- 3 Premolars on upper jaw in dogs
- 3 Premolars on lower jaw in dogs
- 2 Premolars on upper jaw in cats
- 2 Premolars on lower jaw in cats
- Molars:
- 2 Molars on upper jaw in dog
- 3 Molars on lower jaw in dog
- 1 Molar on upper jaw in cat
- 1 Molar on lower jaw in cat
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Permanent teeth:
- 3 Incisors per quadrant, on upper and lower jaws
- 1 Canine per quadrant, on upper and lower jaws
- Premolars:
- 4 Premolars on upper jaw in dogs
- 4 Premolars on lower jaw in dogs
- 3 Premolars on upper jaw in cats
- 2 Premolars on lower jaw in cats
- Molars:
- 2 Molars on upper jaw in dog
- 3 Molars on lower jaw in dog
- 1 Molar on upper jaw in cat
- 1 Molar on lower jaw in cat
Root Structure
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Dogs:
- Incisors and canines have one root
- First maxillary premolar has one root
- Second and third maxillary premolars have two roots
- Maxillary fourth premolar, first molar, and second molar have three roots
- Mandibular cheek teeth have two roots, except for the first and last cheek teeth, which have one root
-
Cats:
- Incisors and canines have one root
- Second maxillary premolar has one root
- Third maxillary premolar has two roots
- Fourth maxillary premolar has three roots
- First maxillary molar (small) has two roots
- Mandibular cheek teeth (third and fourth premolars and first molar) have two roots.
Anatomy
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Tooth:
- Crown: Outer part of the tooth
- Root: Imbedded in bone
- Enamel: Outer layer of the crown, hardest in the body
- Dentin: Intermediate layer, makes up bulk of tooth structure
- Pulp: Innermost layer, contains nerves, blood vessels
- Cementum: Covers outer layer of root
- Cemento-enamel junction: Separates the crown and the root
- Furcation: Where the roots of a multiple-rooted tooth branch from the crown
- Apex: Tip of the root where blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth
Common Dental Diseases in Dogs and Cats
Periodontal Disease
- Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria that accumulates as plaque on teeth
- Disease progresses in stages, increasingly affecting surrounding tissue:
- Stage I (Gingivitis): Inflammation of the gums without attachment loss
- Stage II (Early Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss up to 25% of tooth root length
- Stage III (Moderate Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss between 25-50% of root length, teeth may begin to become mobile
- Stage IV (Severe Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss greater than 50%; significant loss of supporting structures, teeth are very loose
Endodontic Disease
- Endodontic disease is disease of the pulp of the tooth which contains blood vessels and nerves
- Most common cause is dental trauma
- Progression of disease:
- Pulpal Exposure
- Bacterial Pulpitis (infection of pulp)
- Pulp Necrosis (death of pulp)
- Periapical Granuloma (inflammatory mass at tip of tooth)
- Periapical Abscess (pus-filled mass at tip of tooth)
- Acute Alveolar Periodontitis (inflammation around tooth root)
- Osteomyelitis (infection of bone)
- Sepsis (blood infection)
- Common teeth that are fractured:
- Canine teeth
- Incisors
- Maxillary fourth premolars (dogs)
- Canine teeth (cats)
- Any tooth in a dog or cat may be fractured, but less frequently.
Feline Tooth Resorptive Lesions
- Cause is unknown, but potential factors include excess vitamin D and occlusal stress
- Resorption is caused by odontoclasts
- Can occur anywhere on tooth root, not just near the junction
- Lesions are typically painful and bleed when touched with an explorer
- Root resorption can continue until the tooth is gone or the crown breaks off.
Dental Formulas
- Dogs: Have 28 deciduous teeth and 42 permanent teeth.
- Cats: Have 26 deciduous teeth and 30 permanent teeth.
Adult Root Structure
-
Dogs: Incisors and canines have one root.
- First maxillary premolar has one root.
- Second and third maxillary premolars have two roots.
- Fourth premolar, first molar, and second molar have three roots.
- Mandibular cheek teeth have two roots except for the first and last, which have one root.
-
Cats: Incisors and canines have one root.
- Second maxillary premolar has one root.
- Third maxillary premolar has two roots.
- Fourth maxillary premolar has three roots.
- First maxillary molar has two roots.
- Mandibular cheek teeth have two roots.
Gross Anatomy of the Tooth
- Crown: Visible part of the tooth.
- Root: Part of the tooth embedded in the bone.
- Enamel: Hardest substance in the body, covers the outer layer of the crown.
- Dentin: Forms the bulk of the tooth structure, located under the enamel.
- Pulp: Innermost layer of the tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
- Cementum: Covers the outer layer of the root.
- Cemento-enamel Junction: Separates the crown from the root.
- Furcation: Point where roots of a multi-rooted tooth branch.
- Apex: Tip of the root where blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth.
Periodontal Disease
- Most common disease in dogs and cats.
- Increases with age and is more severe in small-breed dogs.
- Caused by bacteria buildup (plaque) on teeth, leading to inflammation.
Stages of Periodontal Disease
- Stage I (Gingivitis): Inflamed gingiva with no attachment loss.
- Stage II (Early Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss up to 25%, teeth stable.
- Stage III (Moderate Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss of 25%-50%, teeth may become mobile.
- Stage IV (Severe Periodontal Disease): Attachment loss over 50%, severe tooth structure loss, loose teeth.
Clinical Presentations of Periodontal Disease
- Mobile teeth
- Periodontal and periapical abscesses with facial swelling.
- Gingival recession.
- Gingival hemorrhage.
- Deep periodontal pockets.
- Oronasal fistulas, leading to chronic rhinitis.
Feline Tooth Resorptive Lesions
- Affects all tooth types, most common in mandibular 3rd premolars.
- Often painful when the crown is involved.
- May be hidden by plaque, calculus, or inflamed gingiva.
- Dental explorer used to locate lesions.
- Dental radiographs needed for treatment planning.
Treatment Options For Feline Tooth Resorptive Lesions
- Restoration was previously attempted for lesions affecting dentin but not the pulp, but it is not currently recommended.
Chronic Endodontic Disease
- Radiographic changes:
- Periapical lysis (radiolucency around the apex).
- Apical lysis (radiographic loss of the apex).
- Large endodontic canals compared to unaffected teeth.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the dental anatomy of dogs and cats. This quiz covers the specific differences in tooth structure, including maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars. Understand the various components of a tooth, such as enamel, dentin, and pulp.
