Cancer Types and Risk Factors

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Questions and Answers

How are cancers defined on a human body?

  • By their site: oral, lung, bowel, breast (correct)
  • By their cause: genetic, lifestyle, environmental
  • By their symptoms: pain, fever, fatigue
  • By their treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

What is the main reason for the increase in kidney cancer incidence in UK males?

  • Increase in smoking
  • Increase in alcohol consumption
  • Increase in imaging and over-diagnosis (correct)
  • Increase in obesity

What is a common risk factor for breast cancer?

  • Older age
  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
  • BRCA1 mutation (correct)

What is the trend in cancer incidence rates in the UK from 2012 to 2014?

<p>Cancer incidence rates are increasing with age, but decreasing from 90 years old and above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is lung cancer incidence in the UK males decreasing?

<p>Decrease in smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the increase in thyroid cancer incidence in UK males?

<p>Increase in screening and doctor checks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage increase in oropharynx cancer excluding the soft palate?

<p>50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What features would lead you to suspect if a tongue ulcer is malignant?

<p>Painful, rolled border, and size greater than 1 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is affected most by cancer in terms of socio-economic status?

<p>The most deprived (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location of cancer worldwide and why?

<p>Western world due to bad habits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the top 2 cancers worldwide in terms of incidence?

<p>Prostate and breast (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

<p>Epstein-Barr virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an incisional biopsy used for?

<p>Diagnosing cancer through a histopathological examination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 stages of imaging in cancer care?

<p>Screening, guided biopsy, staging, response, and follow-up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do computerized tomography (CT) scans show?

<p>Masses and bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is surgery a good option for cancers?

<p>When the tumour is solid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of palliative radiotherapy?

<p>To enhance quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy?

<p>Source of radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

<p>To reduce the size of the tumour before surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ionising radiation in radiotherapy?

<p>To induce apoptosis in tumour cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of proton beam therapy?

<p>Higher precision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjuvant radiotherapy?

<p>To ensure the tumour is completely removed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cytotoxic chemotherapy?

<p>Damaging DNA to promote apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of cytotoxic chemotherapy?

<p>It is not cancer-specific (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radical radiotherapy?

<p>To cure small cancers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between chemotherapy and radiotherapy?

<p>Type of treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Cisplatin, an anti-cancer drug?

<p>Causes DNA cross links, leading to apoptosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Vincristine, an anti-tubulin agent?

<p>Binds tubuline and inhibits microtubule formation in mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do oncolytic viruses target cancer cells?

<p>By replicating within tumour cells and inducing lysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Anti-PDL1 therapy?

<p>Terminates the ability of tumour cells to send a switch-off message to T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of cancer therapy?

<p>To destroy all cancer cells, while preserving normal cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tamoxifen in hormonal chemotherapy?

<p>Binds and blocks the oestrogen receptor, slowing breast cancer growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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