32 Questions
How are cancers defined on a human body?
By their site: oral, lung, bowel, breast
What is the main reason for the increase in kidney cancer incidence in UK males?
Increase in imaging and over-diagnosis
What is a common risk factor for breast cancer?
BRCA1 mutation
What is the trend in cancer incidence rates in the UK from 2012 to 2014?
Cancer incidence rates are increasing with age, but decreasing from 90 years old and above
Why is lung cancer incidence in the UK males decreasing?
Decrease in smoking
What is the main reason for the increase in thyroid cancer incidence in UK males?
Increase in screening and doctor checks
What is the percentage increase in oropharynx cancer excluding the soft palate?
50%
What features would lead you to suspect if a tongue ulcer is malignant?
Painful, rolled border, and size greater than 1 cm
Which group is affected most by cancer in terms of socio-economic status?
The most deprived
What is the most common location of cancer worldwide and why?
Western world due to bad habits
What are the top 2 cancers worldwide in terms of incidence?
Prostate and breast
What virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Epstein-Barr virus
What is an incisional biopsy used for?
Diagnosing cancer through a histopathological examination
What are the 5 stages of imaging in cancer care?
Screening, guided biopsy, staging, response, and follow-up
What do computerized tomography (CT) scans show?
Masses and bone
When is surgery a good option for cancers?
When the tumour is solid
What is the primary goal of palliative radiotherapy?
To enhance quality of life
What is the main difference between external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy?
Source of radiation
What is the purpose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?
To reduce the size of the tumour before surgery
What is the role of ionising radiation in radiotherapy?
To induce apoptosis in tumour cells
What is the main advantage of proton beam therapy?
Higher precision
What is the purpose of adjuvant radiotherapy?
To ensure the tumour is completely removed
What is the mechanism of action of cytotoxic chemotherapy?
Damaging DNA to promote apoptosis
What is the main disadvantage of cytotoxic chemotherapy?
It is not cancer-specific
What is the purpose of radical radiotherapy?
To cure small cancers
What is the main difference between chemotherapy and radiotherapy?
Type of treatment
What is the mechanism of Cisplatin, an anti-cancer drug?
Causes DNA cross links, leading to apoptosis
What is the role of Vincristine, an anti-tubulin agent?
Binds tubuline and inhibits microtubule formation in mitosis
How do oncolytic viruses target cancer cells?
By replicating within tumour cells and inducing lysis
What is the mechanism of Anti-PDL1 therapy?
Terminates the ability of tumour cells to send a switch-off message to T cells
What is the main aim of cancer therapy?
To destroy all cancer cells, while preserving normal cells
What is the role of Tamoxifen in hormonal chemotherapy?
Binds and blocks the oestrogen receptor, slowing breast cancer growth
Test your knowledge of cancer types, including definitions by site and histology, and the four types of risk factors that contribute to cancer development. Learn about the different categories of cancer and what increases your risk of getting it.
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