Cancer Types and Risk Factors

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How are cancers defined on a human body?

By their site: oral, lung, bowel, breast (correct)

By their cause: genetic, lifestyle, environmental

By their symptoms: pain, fever, fatigue

By their treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

What is the main reason for the increase in kidney cancer incidence in UK males?

Increase in smoking

Increase in alcohol consumption

Increase in imaging and over-diagnosis (correct)

Increase in obesity

What is a common risk factor for breast cancer?

Older age

Smoking

Poor diet

BRCA1 mutation (correct)

What is the trend in cancer incidence rates in the UK from 2012 to 2014?

Cancer incidence rates are increasing with age, but decreasing from 90 years old and above Signup and view all the answers

Why is lung cancer incidence in the UK males decreasing?

Decrease in smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the increase in thyroid cancer incidence in UK males?

Increase in screening and doctor checks Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage increase in oropharynx cancer excluding the soft palate?

50% Signup and view all the answers

What features would lead you to suspect if a tongue ulcer is malignant?

Painful, rolled border, and size greater than 1 cm Signup and view all the answers

Which group is affected most by cancer in terms of socio-economic status?

The most deprived Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location of cancer worldwide and why?

Western world due to bad habits Signup and view all the answers

What are the top 2 cancers worldwide in terms of incidence?

Prostate and breast Signup and view all the answers

What virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Epstein-Barr virus Signup and view all the answers

What is an incisional biopsy used for?

Diagnosing cancer through a histopathological examination Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 stages of imaging in cancer care?

Screening, guided biopsy, staging, response, and follow-up Signup and view all the answers

What do computerized tomography (CT) scans show?

Masses and bone Signup and view all the answers

When is surgery a good option for cancers?

When the tumour is solid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of palliative radiotherapy?

To enhance quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy?

Source of radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

To reduce the size of the tumour before surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ionising radiation in radiotherapy?

To induce apoptosis in tumour cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of proton beam therapy?

Higher precision Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjuvant radiotherapy?

To ensure the tumour is completely removed Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of cytotoxic chemotherapy?

Damaging DNA to promote apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of cytotoxic chemotherapy?

It is not cancer-specific Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radical radiotherapy?

To cure small cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between chemotherapy and radiotherapy?

Type of treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Cisplatin, an anti-cancer drug?

Causes DNA cross links, leading to apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Vincristine, an anti-tubulin agent?

Binds tubuline and inhibits microtubule formation in mitosis Signup and view all the answers

How do oncolytic viruses target cancer cells?

By replicating within tumour cells and inducing lysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of Anti-PDL1 therapy?

Terminates the ability of tumour cells to send a switch-off message to T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of cancer therapy?

To destroy all cancer cells, while preserving normal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tamoxifen in hormonal chemotherapy?

Binds and blocks the oestrogen receptor, slowing breast cancer growth Signup and view all the answers