Cancer Research

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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated lifetime risk of getting a cancer diagnosis for those born in 1961?

  • 1 in 2 (correct)
  • 3 in 4
  • 2 in 3
  • 1 in 3

What percentage of cancers are potentially preventable?

  • 20%
  • 50%
  • 30%
  • 40% (correct)

What is the approximate number of new cancer cases in the UK every day?

  • 2,000
  • 500
  • 1,000 (correct)
  • 1,500

What is the approximate percentage of cancer patients who will survive for 10+ years?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach important in cancer treatment?

<p>Because it improves patient outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a growing trend in cancer treatment, resulting in increasing costs to the NHS?

<p>The introduction of new chemotherapy drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of cytotoxics in cancer treatment?

<p>By interfering with DNA replication or cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between hormone therapy and targeted therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>Hormone therapy blocks hormone receptors, while targeted therapy exploits differences in cancer cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect of cisplatin treatment?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is vincristine primarily used to treat?

<p>Haematological cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of palbociclib in treating ER+ HER2-ve breast cancer?

<p>By preventing the passing of checkpoint R (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of daratumumab in treating multiple myeloma?

<p>By provoking an immune response against cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using targeted therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>It exploits differences in cancer cells, leading to fewer side effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for using hormone therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>To treat ER+ tumours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using cytotoxics in combination with other treatments in cancer treatment?

<p>It increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy by killing cancer cells more quickly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of palliative treatment in cancer patients?

<p>To relieve symptoms and improve quality of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of using hormone therapy in cancer treatment?

<p>It is not curative when used alone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when it comes to CINV reaction?

<p>It has an anticipatory component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the removal of a tumor or affected tissue as a preventative measure?

<p>Prophylactic removal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the system used to measure the performance status of a cancer patient?

<p>ECOG system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT a mainstay treatment for CINV?

<p>Levomepromazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common effect of chemotherapy on the GI system?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of two or more treatments simultaneously for cancer treatment?

<p>Concurrent treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the treatment given after another intervention to reduce the risk of recurrence?

<p>Adjuvant therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the cognitive impairment associated with chemotherapy?

<p>Chemo brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Vismodegib?

<p>Inhibiting the Hedgehog pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential long-term effect of chemotherapy?

<p>Reduced libido (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the treatment given before another intervention to reduce the size of the tumor?

<p>Neo-adjuvant therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adverse effect of Olaparib?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for reducing the dose of chemotherapy or changing treatment?

<p>To alleviate higher severity effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the system used to stage cancer, which takes into account the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastases?

<p>TNM system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a pharmacist in clinical trials?

<p>Running clinics and providing advice to clinicians (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'round' of treatment or chemotherapy?

<p>Cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating body surface area (BSA) in chemotherapy dosing?

<p>To calculate the patient's dose based on BSA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the genetic defect associated with breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer?

<p>BRCA1/2 defect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of genetic testing in cancer treatment?

<p>To determine the patient's genetic markers for targeted therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the risk factors that can be modified or changed to reduce the risk of developing cancer?

<p>Modifiable risk factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Mosteller formula?

<p>To calculate the patient's body surface area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a pharmacist in cancer treatment?

<p>To check the accuracy of medication prescriptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the worked example provided in the text?

<p>To illustrate the calculation of chemotherapy dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of toxicity management in cancer treatment?

<p>To manage adverse effects and reduce their impact on cancer treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are patients on chemotherapy often told to avoid paracetamol?

<p>Because it can interact with chemotherapy medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cancer Treatment Overview

  • Around 1,000 new cases of cancer are diagnosed every day in the UK, with a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of getting a cancer diagnosis.
  • Almost 50% of people will survive cancer for 10+ years, and ~40% of cancers are potentially preventable.

Risk Factors

  • Non-modifiable risk factors:
    • Age
    • Genetics
  • Modifiable risk factors:
    • Smoking
    • Alcohol
    • Infections (e.g., HPV, EBV, Hepatitis B/C, HIV)
    • Obesity
    • Medication
    • Co-morbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, IHD)

Genetics and Cancer

  • Inherited or acquired genetic defects can increase cancer risk
  • Examples:
    • BRCA1/2 defects (breast, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic cancer)
    • Lynch syndrome (bowel cancer)
    • TP53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome) (various cancers)

Infections and Cancer

  • Chronic infections can increase cancer risk
  • Examples:
    • HPV (cervical cancer)
    • EBV
    • Hepatitis B/C
    • HIV

Cancer Treatment Aims

  • Curative: aim to eliminate cancer
  • Palliative: aim to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life

Types of Cancer Treatment

  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy (Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy, SACT)
  • Hormone therapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Immunotherapy

Chemotherapy (SACT)

  • Cytotoxics:
    • Interfere with DNA replication or cell division
    • Examples: Cisplatin, Vincristine
  • Hormone therapy:
    • Blocks hormones that fuel cancer growth
    • Examples: Tamoxifen, Anastrozole
  • Targeted therapy:
    • Exploits differences between cancer and healthy cells
    • Examples: Trastuzumab, Pembrolizumab

Role of the Pharmacist in Cancer Treatment

  • Historically:
    • Screening prescriptions
    • Clinical checks
    • Production and release of SACT
    • Patient counseling
  • Developments:
    • Running clinics
    • Pharmacist prescribers
    • Consultant posts
    • Trial principal investigators
    • Advanced clinical practice roles

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