Cancer Overview and History
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Questions and Answers

Based on the provided data, which cancer type has the highest number of estimated cases?

  • Lung cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Skin (basal and squamous cell) (correct)
  • Prostate cancer
  • Which cancer type has the highest estimated death rate relative to its number of estimated cases?

  • Colon
  • Lung cancer (correct)
  • Prostate cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • If the number of cancer survivors is calculated by subtracting the number of estimated deaths from the number of estimated cases, approximately what percentage of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer survive?

  • 40%
  • 87.5% (correct)
  • 12.5%
  • 96%
  • According to the data, which cancer type is considered to be the least common?

    <p>Skin (melanoma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of estimated deaths to estimated cases for skin cancer (melanoma)?

    <p>2 to 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a mutagen on DNA?

    <p>It causes mutations in DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many gene mutations are typically needed to transform a healthy cell into a cancerous cell?

    <p>A few gene mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oncogenes in cell division?

    <p>They act as an accelerator to start cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tumor-suppressor genes?

    <p>To slow down or stop cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when tumor-suppressor genes are damaged?

    <p>Cell growth becomes erratic, potentially leading to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two broad categories of genes that control cell division, according to the content?

    <p>Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided content, what is the relationship between radiation and cancer?

    <p>There is a clear link between radiation and cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cancer-causing genes?

    <p>They regulate the speed of cell growth and division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason it's difficult to compare cancer rates from the past to present?

    <p>Cancer diagnosis and understanding were limited in the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suggests that cancer existed in ancient times according to the text?

    <p>Mummified remains showing bone lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cancer not considered contagious?

    <p>It arises from faulty genes within an individual's own cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'malignant' mean in the context of tumors?

    <p>The tumor cells can spread to other parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hippocrates observe about malignant tumors that led to the term 'carcinoma'?

    <p>That they had swollen blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tumor?

    <p>A cluster of cells not part of the body's original plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell division in the human body?

    <p>To facilitate growth, repair, and replacement of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A tumor that is determined to be benign is characterized by:

    <p>Its cells being contained in one area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oldest known description of cancer was found on an Egyptian pappyri, and referred to:

    <p>tumors of the breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of genes in healthy cell division?

    <p>They limit or control the cell's ability to divide to maintain homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes cells to undergo programmed cell death?

    <p>The need for replacement by newer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage in genes responsible for cell division?

    <p>The cells are no longer restrained and divide uncontrollably, causing cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factors may contribute to higher rates of cancer?

    <p>Pesticide runoff and pollution in urban areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of red blood cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>They do not make copies of themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between DNA, genes and cell division?

    <p>Genes are segments of DNA that provide instructions for healthy cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 'environmental factors' refer to in the context of cancer development?

    <p>External influences such as pollution and pesticides that may contribute to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer Overview

    • Cancer is a serious, complex disease affecting humans throughout history
    • Cancer incidence rates are difficult to compare historically due to differing diagnoses
    • Cancer is not contagious; it results from faulty genes within cells
    • Tumors are clusters of cells; malignant tumors spread to other body parts, benign tumors remain contained
    • Hippocrates recognized distinction between benign and malignant cancers, coining the term karkinos (crab), translating to carcinoma

    History of Cancer

    • Ancient Egyptians and Peruvians documented breast and bone tumors
    • Cancer was not well understood for centuries, making historical incidence difficult to measure
    • Hippocrates, the Greek philosopher, recognized different types of tumors, noticing swollen blood vessels around malignant ones
    • The term "carcinoma" derives from Hippocrates' observation of crab-like tumor growth

    What is Cancer?

    • Cells divide for growth, repair and replacement
    • Cellular reproduction is regulated by genes
    • Cancer originates from damaged genes that affect cellular division control
    • Damaged genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in tumors

    Causes of Cancer

    • Environmental factors may be linked to higher cancer rates in certain areas, such as polluted urban environments
    • Pollutants and radiation act as mutagens, substances damaging DNA
    • Cancer-causing alterations can be introduced through few gene mutations in cells
    • Two types of genes regulate cell division include oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
    • Oncogenes act like an accelerator, promoting cell division while tumour suppressors act as brakes, slowing cell division

    Types of Cancer

    • Cancer can affect many organs and can present in various forms (basal/squamous cell skin cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer)
    • Specific cancers vary in treatable outcomes

    Important Figures

    • Hippocrates - Ancient Greek philosopher who identified the differences in tumors and recognized the importance of blood vessel swelling around malignant tumors

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    Description

    This quiz provides an overview of cancer, exploring its complex nature, historical context, and the distinction between malignant and benign tumors. It includes insights from ancient civilizations and the contributions of Hippocrates to our understanding of cancer. Test your knowledge on the history and fundamentals of this significant disease.

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