Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Growth

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What is the primary function of cyclin inhibitors in the cell cycle?

To prevent cells from entering the cell cycle when they don't need to (correct)

To promote the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis

To stimulate the replication of DNA

To activate the RB protein

What is the consequence of mutations or malfunctioning of cyclin inhibitors?

Cells will be stuck in the G1 phase of the cell cycle

Cells will enter the cell cycle and be replicated when they don't need to (correct)

Cells will skip the G1/S checkpoint

Cells will undergo apoptosis

What is the role of RB protein in the cell cycle?

To regulate the expression of genes involved in cell division

To stimulate the replication of DNA

To inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases

To signal cells to move onto the next step in the cell cycle (correct)

What is the checkpoint regulated by cyclin inhibitors?

G1/S checkpoint Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if cyclin inhibitors are not present throughout the cell cycle?

Cells would undergo uncontrolled growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells evade the immune system during metastasis?

They mask themselves to avoid recognition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why tumor growth is not limited by blood supply and nutrients?

Tumor cells can signal to make their own blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormones in cancer development?

They are growth stimulators, leading to continuous replication of cancerous cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between initiation and promotion in cancer cell transformation?

Initiation involves DNA damage, while promotion involves cell division Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cancer cases are hereditary?

5-10% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cancer cells stimulate the formation of new blood vessels?

Angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the inactivation of RB protein?

Permission for cells to proceed from G1 to S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of benign neoplasms?

Cells are highly differentiated and clustered together Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of cyclins on RB protein?

Cyclins phosphorylate RB protein, allowing cells to proceed to S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of highly differentiated cells?

They are more similar in structure and function Signup and view all the answers

What is a neoplasm?

An abnormal mass of tissue with uncoordinated growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of benign tumors?

They are usually encapsulated Signup and view all the answers

What happens to tumor cells when there are mutations early in the proliferation process?

They become less differentiated and highly malignant Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of oncogene activation in cancer cells?

Cells continuously replicate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anti-oncogenes in normal cells?

They inhibit cell replication Signup and view all the answers

Why do cancer cells fail to undergo normal proliferation and differentiation?

Due to mutations in differentiation genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of apoptotic gene inactivation in cancer cells?

Cells continue to replicate Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of mitochondrial DNA?

It has a high mutation rate with no repair mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Why do daughters play a significant role in the transmission of mitochondrial DNA?

They can transmit mitochondrial DNA to their offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of chromosomal disorders, such as Trisomy 21?

Errors during meiosis, resulting in abnormal chromosome numbers Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an individual having some cells with a normal chromosome number and some with an abnormal number?

Mosaicism Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of pharmacogenomics?

To use genetic information to choose effective drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the application of pharmacogenomics?

Genetic testing before administering mercaptopurine Signup and view all the answers