Cancer in Developing Countries

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Questions and Answers

Which virus is responsible for Kaposi's sarcoma?

  • Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV
  • Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV (correct)

Which types of cancers are associated with high-risk HPV infections?

  • Pancreatic and bladder cancers
  • Breast and ovarian cancers
  • Cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers (correct)
  • Lung and liver cancers

What is the primary cause of distal gastric carcinoma?

  • Alcohol consumption
  • Helicobacter pylori infection (correct)
  • Tobacco use
  • Salted, pickled, or nitrate-preserved foods

What percentage of cancer deaths are attributed to tobacco use?

<p>22% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasitic infection is associated with the most common childhood malignancy in the Burkitt's lymphoma belt?

<p>Plasmodium falciparum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses are major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

<p>Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cancer deaths that are expected to occur in developing nations in 2018, based on data presented in Fig. 23.1?

<p>70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is KSHV transmitted?

<p>Through saliva, sexual intercourse, and transfusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common way to acquire HPV?

<p>Through skin-to-skin contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes an increase in viral burden and numbers of infected B cells in the Burkitt's lymphoma belt?

<p>EBV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main route of transmission for HBV in endemic regions?

<p>Maternal-child transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in developing nations?

<p>Very high (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which age group does the peak incidence of cancer occur in developing countries?

<p>40-45 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which global initiative aims to reduce smoking prevalence rates?

<p>The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HBV induce genetic instability?

<p>It integrates into the host genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the global rate of cancers attributable to infection, as per the data presented in Fig. 23.2?

<p>15.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of infected persons who remain asymptomatic?

<p>100% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HIV in high-risk HPV infections?

<p>It can accelerate the progression of HPV-related cancers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

<p>EBV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus of trematodes is associated with SCC of the bladder?

<p>Schistosoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health issue is linked to several types of cancer and is rapidly increasing in developing nations?

<p>Obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime risk for ATLL in infected persons?

<p>2% to 5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can reduce the risk of obesity-induced cancers?

<p>Intentional weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasitic infection is potentially oncogenic and can induce cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)?

<p>Clonorchis sinensis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended HPV screening and treatment strategy for older women?

<p>Rapid HPV testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for HCC in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia?

<p>Aflatoxin exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exacerbates the oxidative damage done by H. pylori, causing loss of mucous glands?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the risk factors associated with penile cancer?

<p>HPV, HIV, tobacco, UV exposure, and poor hygiene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of advanced stage HCC?

<p>Weight loss and abdominal pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is HTLV-1 transmitted?

<p>Through saliva, sexual intercourse, and transfusions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common childhood malignancy in the Burkitt's lymphoma belt?

<p>Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (eBL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the less common malignancy caused by H. pylori?

<p>Gastric MALT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for successful management of cancer?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the efficacy rate of the oral vaccine tested in China after 3 years?

<p>56% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

<p>Nasal discharge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention strategy is recommended for neonates to reduce the risk of HBV infection?

<p>Universal childhood vaccination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parasitic infection is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer?

<p>None of the above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rare malignancy associated with high-risk HPV, UV exposure, and HIV-induced immune suppression?

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the consequences of inadequate resources and infrastructure for cancer management in developing nations?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with an increase in the number of infected B cells?

<p>EBV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is recommended to receive HPV vaccination?

<p>Pre-teen girls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses are capable of replication within B cells and increase the risk of NHL?

<p>HBV and HCV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of HIV co-infection in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma?

<p>It increases the risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research efforts are focused on to identify persons who remain at risk for gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication?

<p>Biomarkers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly reduce the risk of cancer?

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there a vaccine for HTLV-1?

<p>No, there is no vaccine available (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is associated with Schistosoma haematobium?

<p>SCC of the bladder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help address the unmet needs across the cancer management continuum in developing nations?

<p>All of the above (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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