N715 Exam 3 New Pt 5

Tumors often lack oxygen due to rapid growth, poor blood vessel structure, and high fluid pressure.

Areas of cell death in a tumor due to lack of oxygen.

Growth factor secreted by solid tumors to promote blood vessel formation.

Cancer cells spreading to distant parts of the body.

Enzyme that prevents the shortening of chromosomes, allowing cancer cells to divide indefinitely.

Substance that causes cancer.

Process of cancer development.

Classifying cancers based on the tissue they originate from.

Certain types of cancer show a higher incidence in childhood and again in young adulthood.

Approximately 90-95% of Hodgkin's disease cases are curable.

Hodgkin's lymphoma can be completely asymptomatic or only involve lymph nodes (e.g., supraclavicular, cervical) and may show "B" symptoms (unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fever). These symptoms inform treatment decisions

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a category of cancers arising from B and T cells.

Treatment for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma depends on cell types, location of the disease (including bone marrow involvement), and might resemble Leukemia treatments.

Brain tumor treatment mainly depends on location, size, and cell type (histology).

Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells.

Multiple chemotherapy agents are used to affect cancerous cells at different phases of the cell cycle.

Radiation therapy can external or internal (placed during surgery).

Bone marrow transplants are considered for specific types of cancers, often involving bone marrow or blood system involvement.

A procedure where healthy stem cells are transplanted to replace damaged or diseased bone marrow.

A BMT where the stem cells come from the patient themselves. Usually used to target cancer cells after high-dose chemotherapy.

A BMT where the stem cells come from a healthy donor. This is used when the bone marrow itself is the problem, like in certain immunodeficiencies.

A network of vessels and tissues responsible for filtering fluid, fighting infection, and maintaining immune function.

Small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph fluid and contain immune cells.

A new treatment where a patient's T-cells are genetically modified to target specific cancer cells.

The return or worsening of cancer after treatment.

Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to become any type of cell in the body.

A critical point in the cell cycle where the cell checks for DNA damage and decides whether to proceed to DNA replication. If damaged DNA is detected, the cell cycle is halted, giving time for repair.

A gene that acts as a crucial tumor suppressor. It plays a vital role in detecting and preventing the growth of cancerous cells by halting the cell cycle when DNA damage is detected.

A process where cancer cells make their own growth signals, stimulating their own proliferation without the need for external signals. This leads to unregulated growth.

These genes act like 'brakes' for cell growth and division. They prevent cancerous cells from developing by stopping uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation.

Signals that normally tell a cell to stop growing or dividing. These signals are usually triggered by cell-to-cell contact or by the presence of enough cells in a tissue.

1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals, 2. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals, 3. Evasion of apoptosis, 4. Limitless replicative potential, 5. Sustained angiogenesis, 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis.

Cancer cells ignore the signals that normally tell them to self-destruct when damaged or abnormal. This allows them to survive and continue growing abnormally.

Cancer cells have mechanisms that prevent them from aging and dying, allowing them to divide indefinitely. This is unlike normal cells, which have a limited lifespan.

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) is used for: Relapse of certain diseases, bad cytogenetics, disease progression while on treatment, as primary treatment (for certain brain tumors and neuroblastoma), illnesses where the bone marrow is the problem (immunodeficiencies, sickle cell), and when there's a good match for a bad disease.

A type of blood cancer affecting the lymphatic system, which is responsible for filtering and fighting infection.

The lymphatic system absorbs interstitial fluid, proteins, and cells from surrounding tissues. This helps maintain fluid balance and prevent swelling.

The lymphatic system's endothelial cells have unique junctions that allow larger molecules and immune cells to pass through.

The primary lymphatic system produces and matures lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells), responsible for adaptive immunity.

Both B-cells and T-cells originate in the bone marrow, but only B-cells mature there.

T-cells migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they mature and learn to distinguish foreign antigens from self-antigens.

Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and contain a high concentration of lymphocytes, playing a crucial role in immune responses.

The spleen filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and recycling iron.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) protects mucosal surfaces, like the tonsils and Peyer's patches, from pathogens.

Breast cancer subtype with mucin surrounding the tumor cells, most common in women over 70.

Large, encapsulated breast cancer with a lymphocytic infiltrate surrounding it.

Well-differentiated breast cancer characterized by organized tubules in the center of the tumor.

Breast cancer that arises from the nipple and areola and is well-circumscribed.

Breast cancer with unusual cell types, including bone or cartilage.

Breast cancer that starts in the epithelial lining of the ducts.

Breast cancer with many cystic masses, often with bleeding, and potential skin involvement.

Well-defined breast cancer within the ducts, characterized by well-differentiated tumor cells.

Older age is a significant independent risk factor for prostate cancer, increasing the chance of developing the disease.

Chronic inflammation, including from conditions like autoimmune disease, is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer.

A diet high in char-grilled meats and deficient in vitamins E, D, and calcium may contribute to prostate cancer risk.

As men age, testosterone gets metabolized into estrogen in peripheral tissues, potentially affecting prostate cancer risk by influencing tumor-regulating receptors.

Aging vascular structures, like in the testicular metabolic system, can contribute to chronic inflammation, potentially increasing prostate cancer risk.

Testosterone plays several crucial roles in men, including gonadal development, sperm production, secondary sex characteristics, and muscle mass.

DHEA, a precursor to testosterone, is converted to testosterone within the prostate gland. This testosterone can then bind to androgen receptors and contribute to prostate function.

Aromatase converts testosterone into estrogens. Aromatase inhibitors are used to treat some prostate cancer.

When DHT activates androgen receptors, it acts as a second messenger, triggering signals within prostate cells to promote growth and function.

The peripheral zone of the prostate contains the majority of prostate cancer cells, while the transitional zone is where benign prostatic hypertrophy typically occurs.

Estrogen receptors in the prostate gland are predominantly found in the stromal cells, which contain fibrous and muscular tissue.

Alpha estrogen receptors play a role in sperm maturation. Their dysfunction can lead to the development of prostate cancer.

EMT involves changes in cell polarity, adhesion, morphology, and gene expression, leading to increased invasion and metastasis in prostate cancer.

PIN is characterized by abnormal cell growth in the prostate, often associated with chronic inflammation and cellular injury.

The MYC oncogene promotes cell growth and metabolism. Its mutation can contribute to prostate cancer development.