Cancer: Causes, Prevention, and Diagnosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the surgical procedure that combines mastectomy and axillary node dissection?

Radical mastectomy

Modified radical mastectomy (correct)

Breast conservation surgery

Simple mastectomy

What is the median age of a child diagnosed with cancer?

10 years

5 years (correct)

2 years

15 years

What is a sign or symptom that may be suspicious of a diagnosis of leukemia?

Fatigue

Headache

Rash

All of the above (correct)

What is the next step in the diagnosis of leukemia in a 4-year-old patient like Ashlee?

LP and Bone Marrow aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of treatment for childhood cancer?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of target therapy in the treatment of leukemia?

To induce remission Signup and view all the answers

What is a phase of chemotherapy treatment for leukemia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is cranial radiation used in the treatment of leukemia?

To treat CNS involvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of tumor staging and grading?

To determine the prognosis and treatment options Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body?

Metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decrease in the number of circulating platelets in the blood?

Thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the survival rate of breast cancer?

96% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the use of drugs to enhance the effectiveness of the immune system and support cancer treatment?

Biologic response modifiers Signup and view all the answers

What type of breast cancer is characterized by cancer cells that remain within the ducts or lobules of the breast?

Non-invasive breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the care of patients with cancer that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life?

Palliative care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of staging breast cancer tumors?

To determine the best course of treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Ontario Breast Screening Program (OBSP)?

To screen for breast cancer in high-risk individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Stage I and Stage II breast cancer?

Size of the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cancer cells invade and damage surrounding tissue?

Invasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of hormonal therapy in breast cancer treatment?

To prevent the growth of cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the hair loss that occurs as a side effect of chemotherapy?

Alopecia Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of targeted therapy in breast cancer treatment?

It targets specific cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of radiation therapy in breast cancer treatment?

To kill cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of surgery in breast cancer treatment?

To remove the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the intensification phase in leukemia treatment?

To eradicate residual leukemic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a life-threatening complication that can occur during the start of cancer treatment?

Tumor lysis syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of maintenance phase in leukemia treatment?

To preserve remission and lessen leukemic cells Signup and view all the answers

What should parents be taught to notify the oncologist about ASAP?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of renal failure in patients with tumor lysis syndrome?

Uric acid nephropathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of CNS prophylaxis in leukemia treatment?

To prevent central nervous system disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medication used to treat nausea and vomiting in patients with leukemia?

Ondansetron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using central venous access devices in patients with leukemia?

To administer chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why osteoporosis is referred to as the 'silent thief'?

Due to the difficulty in diagnosing it in the early stages Signup and view all the answers

What is a major risk factor for fracture in osteoporosis?

Low body mass index Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of discharge teaching for patients with osteoporosis?

To promote independence and prevent falls Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about osteoporosis management?

Calcium supplements should be taken with meals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary osteoporosis?

Primary osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes, while secondary osteoporosis is caused by underlying medical conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is most at risk for fracture in osteoporosis?

Vertebral joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of menopause care and treatment?

To manage hot flashes and vaginal dryness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why bisphosphonate medication is taken after an osteoporosis diagnosis?

To reduce the risk of fracture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cancer: A Group of Distinct Diseases

Cancer is a group of distinct diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer etiology involves multiple factors, including genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices.

The Process of Carcinogenesis

The process of carcinogenesis consists of three major steps: initiation, promotion, and progression.
Initiation involves genetic mutations that lead to the formation of cancer cells.
Promotion involves the growth and proliferation of initiated cancer cells.
Progression involves the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.

Early Warning Signs of Cancer

Early warning signs of cancer include:
- C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A: A lesion that does not heal
- U: Unusual bleeding
- T: Thickening or lump
- I: Indigestion or trouble swallowing
- O: Obvious change in wart or mole
- N: Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness

Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tumors are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer Spread and Metastasis

Cancer can spread through three main mechanisms: invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Invasion involves the direct growth of cancer cells into surrounding tissues.
Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels to supply cancer cells with oxygen and nutrients.

Tumor Staging and Grading

Tumor staging involves the classification of cancer based on the extent of the tumor and its spread to other parts of the body.
Tumor grading involves the classification of cancer based on the aggressiveness of the tumor cells.
High-grade tumors are more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis.

Treatment Goals and Options

Treatment goals for cancer include cure, control, and palliation.
Treatment options for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy.
Treatment plans are individualized based on the type of cancer, stage, and grade of the tumor.

Cancer Management and Nursing Care

Cancer management involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical, surgical, and radiation oncology, as well as nursing care.
Nursing care for cancer patients involves managing symptoms, supporting patients and their families, and providing education and guidance.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and early detection is key to better survival rates.
Risk factors for breast cancer include family history, genetic mutations, and hormonal factors.
Screening programs for breast cancer include mammography, clinical breast exams, and breast self-exams.

Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancer is a leading cause of death in children, and leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer.
Leukemia is cancer of the blood and bone marrow, and symptoms include fatigue, bleeding, and infection.
Treatment options for childhood cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.

Menopause and Osteoporosis

Menopause is a natural biological process that occurs in women, characterized by the cessation of menstruation.
Osteoporosis is a silent disease that leads to brittle and porous bones, increasing the risk of fractures.
Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, genetic factors, and certain medical conditions.
Treatment options for osteoporosis include medications, hormone therapy, and lifestyle changes.

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Description

This quiz covers the causes of cancer, including etiology and carcinogenesis, as well as prevention and diagnosis, including early warning signs.