Canadian Geography and Climate Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason why most immigrants come to Canada?

  • To escape war and persecution
  • To access special government programs
  • To seek better economic opportunities (correct)
  • To be reunited with family members

Which of the following is NOT a factor considered in the immigration point system?

  • Education
  • Marital status (correct)
  • Work experience
  • Age

What is the primary difference between visible minorities and invisible minorities?

  • Visible minorities are easily identifiable based on physical characteristics. (correct)
  • Visible minorities are typically more recent immigrants.
  • Visible minorities are more likely to face discrimination.
  • Visible minorities are larger in number than invisible minorities.

Which of the following barriers do immigrants commonly face in Canada?

<p>Difficulty finding affordable housing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a permanent resident and a temporary worker in Canada?

<p>Permanent residents have the right to vote in elections, while temporary workers do not. (A), Temporary workers are allowed to work in specific sectors only. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cultural practice encouraged under the "mosaic" system?

<p>Celebrating the diversity of cultural traditions and languages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Indigenous reserves in Canada?

<p>They may face challenges related to limited resources and poverty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of residential schools in Canada's history?

<p>To assimilate Indigenous children into European culture and society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the concept of chain migration?

<p>The process where immigrants sponsor family members or friends to join them in their new country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'Status' and 'Non-Status' Indians in Canada?

<p>Status Indians are registered under the Indian Act, while Non-Status Indians are not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a privilege granted to Status Indians under the Indian Act?

<p>Guaranteed employment on reserves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone be classified as a 'Non-Status' Indian?

<p>They have lost their registration under the Indian Act due to marriage or other reasons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the standard of living in Nunavut?

<p>It is lower than the national average due to factors like remoteness and climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which continent do most immigrants to Canada come from?

<p>Asia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common barrier faced by immigrants in Canada?

<p>Limited access to technology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential advantage of the 'mosaic' system of cultural integration?

<p>Higher tolerance and understanding between cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A major drawback of a 'melting pot' approach to cultural integration is the potential for:

<p>A loss of cultural identity for immigrants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rapid city growth can often lead to which of the following problems?

<p>Insufficient infrastructure to support the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common negative consequence of low-density urban sprawl?

<p>Increased agricultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy helps reduce car dependency in cities?

<p>Developing robust, public transportation networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is considered an important part of sustainable resource extraction?

<p>Improving energy efficiency and using more renewable energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Canada's early economy, which of the following was a major industry?

<p>Agriculture and resource extraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry has seen significant growth in Canada since the 1980s?

<p>Knowledge-based industries like technology and research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a mixed-use development in urban planning?

<p>Combining residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in the same area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the current trend in Canada's job industries?

<p>A growing focus on green industries and sustainability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is the first step in the rock cycle?

<p>Igneous rock breaking down into sediment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant geographical feature was primarily carved by the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Canada?

<p>The Great Lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does latitude affect the climate in different parts of Canada?

<p>Higher latitudes experience colder temperatures because the sun's rays are further away. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of bodies of water has a moderating effect on the surrounding climate?

<p>Slow rate of temperature change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'rainshadow' effect?

<p>The effect of mountain ranges causing increased precipitation on the windward side and drier conditions on the leeward side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a known effect of climate change on the northern regions of Canada?

<p>Increase in the population of polar bears (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Canada?

<p>To address the injustices suffered by Indigenous people, particularly those related to residential schools. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of deforestation on climate change?

<p>Increased release of stored carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'hamlet' in the context of urban hierarchy?

<p>A very small settlement with only a few houses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a renewable energy solution to climate change?

<p>Adoption of solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of urban sprawl?

<p>Expansion of a city over open land, characterized by single-purpose areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant demographic concern stemming from Canada's low fertility rate?

<p>An aging population and potential strain on the economy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'NIMBYism' refer to in urban planning?

<p>Opposition to local development by residents, not wanting it near them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major negative impact did China's one child policy have on its society?

<p>An unbalanced sex ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes a Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)?

<p>It consists of multiple municipalities that are economically and socially linked. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way Japan is trying to address its shrinking population?

<p>By encouraging more immigration and providing childcare benefits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for Canada's continued population growth despite low fertility rates?

<p>Increased immigration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core concept of 'sustainability'?

<p>Meeting our needs while ensuring future generations can also meet theirs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major effect of rapid population growth based on the text?

<p>Limited access to resources and increased pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of gentrification?

<p>People with higher incomes moving to lower-income neighborhoods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of rapid population decline in an area?

<p>Closure of local services and schools (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'urbanization' refer to?

<p>The concentration of more people within urban areas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the majority of urban growth currently occurring?

<p>Overwhelmingly in developing countries due to various economic and environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes immigration important to Canadian society as covered in the text?

<p>It helps maintain population growth, counteracting a declining fertility rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major impact of the Cod Moratorium in Newfoundland?

<p>Significant job loss in the fishing industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a non-renewable resource?

<p>Fossil Fuels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant environmental concern associated with fracking?

<p>Groundwater contamination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main process by which nuclear energy is generated?

<p>Splitting the nucleus of an atom through nuclear fission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of renewable resources?

<p>They can be replenished over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a large ecological footprint suggest?

<p>A higher demand on natural resources, leading to more environmental impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which territory has its capital in Whitehorse?

<p>Yukon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which climate type is classified when the total annual precipitation is less than 1000 mL?

<p>Continental (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a concave shape on a population pyramid typically indicate?

<p>High death rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a Great Lake?

<p>Lake Ammersee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a population pyramid with wider bases generally suggest?

<p>A high birth rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaginary lines measure how far something is east or west of the Prime Meridian?

<p>Meridians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding summer precipitation?

<p>If maximum precipitation occurs in summer, the climate is maritime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which province has Edmonton as its capital?

<p>Alberta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for higher precipitation on the windward side of mountains?

<p>Cool, moist air coming from the ocean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climate type is characterized by having a moderating effect from nearby water?

<p>Maritime climate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation is often characterized as 'tech-savvy' and 'ambitious'?

<p>Generation Y/Millennials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replacement level fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself?

<p>2.1 children per woman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following causes would likely lead to a high crude death rate (CDR) in a country?

<p>Poor healthcare and an aging population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic feature characterizes a population pyramid with a wide base?

<p>High birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which demographic transition stage does a country experience rapid population growth?

<p>Stage two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependency load in a population?

<p>The percentage of the population under 16 or over 65 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation is identified as having been influenced significantly by the COVID-19 pandemic?

<p>Generation Alpha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to a 'dry area' on the leeward side of a mountain range?

<p>Descending dry air after precipitation occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'RNI' in demographic studies?

<p>Rate of Natural Increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an expansive population pyramid?

<p>A high birth rate with a broad bottom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of the demographic transition model shows low and stable birth and death rates?

<p>Stage four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are considered 'pull factors' in immigration?

<p>High quality of life and job opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason the International Date Line is not a straight line?

<p>It is arbitrary and could be placed anywhere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift propose about the continents?

<p>They were once part of a supercontinent called Pangaea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason the theory of continental drift was initially rejected?

<p>Recognition of sea floor spreading. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during convergent plate movement?

<p>Plates collide, forming mountain ranges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural disaster is primarily caused by divergent plates?

<p>Volcanic eruptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are igneous rocks formed?

<p>By cooling and hardening magma. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the formation of the Great Lakes?

<p>Glacial movement of the Laurentide ice sheet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of ocean currents?

<p>Most currents run from polar regions to the equator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between weather and climate?

<p>Weather is daily atmospheric conditions, and climate is overall weather patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which line of latitude is the Tropic of Capricorn located at?

<p>23.5° south of the equator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the Canadian Shield?

<p>It is the largest landform region in Canada. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of energy driving tectonic plate movement?

<p>The shifting of liquid magma in the mantle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock is formed from sediment being compacted?

<p>Sedimentary rock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of transform plate boundaries?

<p>They result in earthquakes due to friction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence climate?

<p>The size of a country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Equator

A line of latitude that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, measured at 0°.

Latitude

Imaginary lines that run east/west across the Earth, measuring a location's north/south position relative to the Equator.

Longitude

Imaginary lines that run north/south across the Earth, measuring a location's east/west position relative to the Prime Meridian.

Prime Meridian

The line of 0° longitude, often used as the starting point for east/west measurements.

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Continental Climate

A climate characterized by significant temperature fluctuations throughout the year and a distinct summer wet season.

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Maritime Climate

A climate with less extreme temperature variation throughout the year and a consistent precipitation pattern.

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Population Pyramid

Depicts the age distribution of a population by gender, showcasing patterns like birth rates, death rates, and population trends.

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Constrictive Population Pyramid

A population pyramid showing a shrinking or declining population, characterized by a narrow base and a wider top.

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What is the International Date Line?

An imaginary line at approximately 180° longitude that separates calendar days. It's not a straight line and its location is arbitrary.

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Where is the North Pole located?

The northernmost point of Earth, located at 90° latitude north.

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Where is the South Pole located?

The southernmost point of Earth, located at 90° latitude south.

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What is the Arctic Circle?

The northernmost of the five major circles of latitude, located around 66.5° north of the equator.

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What is the Antarctic Circle?

The southernmost of the five major circles of latitude, located around 66.5° south of the equator.

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What is the Tropic of Cancer?

The more northern of the tropics, located 23.5° north of the equator.

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What is the Tropic of Capricorn?

The more southern of the tropics, located 23.5° south of the equator.

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What is the theory of Continental Drift?

Alfred Wegener's theory proposing that all continents were once a supercontinent called Pangaea.

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What is the theory of Plate Tectonics?

The Earth's crust is made up of plates that move due to the shifting of liquid magma in the mantle.

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What are Convergent Plates?

The meeting of two plates moving towards each other, resulting in mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

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What are Divergent Plates?

Two plates moving away from each other, resulting in volcanic eruptions.

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What are Transform Plates?

Two plates sliding past each other, resulting in earthquakes.

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What are the three main types of rocks?

Igneous rocks are formed from cooled magma, metamorphic rocks transform under heat and pressure, and sedimentary rocks form from sediments.

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What is the Laurentide Ice Sheet?

A large ice sheet that covered most of Canada and parts of the US between 95,000 and 20,000 years ago, creating glacial landforms like the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls.

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What is a landform region?

An area of Earth with a unique set of physical features.

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Windward Side of a Mountain

The side of a mountain facing the prevailing wind, receiving more moisture and typically having higher rainfall.

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Leeward Side of a Mountain

The side of a mountain sheltered from the prevailing wind, receiving less moisture and typically experiencing drier conditions.

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Rainshadow Effect

The tendency for the leeward side of a mountain range to be drier and have less precipitation compared to the windward side.

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Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The rate of births per 1,000 people per year. It indicates the frequency of new births in a population.

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Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. It reflects the potential for population growth.

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Replacement Level Fertility

The total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The rate of deaths per 1,000 people per year. It reflects the mortality pattern in a population.

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Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. It measures the mortality of newborns.

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Child Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of children under five years old per 1,000 live births. It reflects the health and well-being of children.

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Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. It captures the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth.

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Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size. It demonstrates the rate of population growth.

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Dependency Load

The portion of the population that relies on others for financial support or care. It includes those under 16 and over 65.

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Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate. It reflects the natural population change without considering migration.

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Chain Migration

The process where immigrants bring family members to join them in their new country. It contributes to the growth of specific communities in the destination country.

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Ethnic Enclave

An area primarily populated by people from a specific background. These areas often offer cultural familiarity and support for newcomers.

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Mother Tongue

A person's first language, usually learned from their family.

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Mosaic

A system where people are encouraged to maintain their own cultures and traditions.

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Melting Pot

A system where people are expected to blend into the dominant culture of a place.

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Permanent Residents

People who have been granted the right to live and work permanently in a country but are not citizens. They enjoy similar rights as citizens but may not be able to vote.

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Temporary Workers

People who come to a country for a limited time to work. They typically have temporary work visas.

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Multiculturalism

The presence of multiple cultures and ethnic groups in a society. It encourages diversity, respect, and the celebration of different cultures.

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Skilled Workers

People who have specialized knowledge, training, or education. They are qualified for specific jobs and often immigrate through programs designed to fill labor market needs.

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Language Proficiency

The ability to speak and understand a language fluently. It impacts an immigrant's ability to find work, communicate in their community, and integrate into society.

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Points Based Immigration System

A system that awards points for various factors related to an immigrant's potential contribution to a country. A certain score is needed for approval.

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Underemployment

When people take jobs that do not fully utilize their skills or education. It can affect an immigrant's career progression and financial stability.

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Racism

A type of discrimination based on someone's race, ethnicity, or national origin. It can lead to prejudice, unfair treatment, and limitations.

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Discrimination

The experience of being treated unfavorably due to one's identity or origin.

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Mosaic Society

A system where immigrants maintain their cultural identities while becoming part of a larger society, promoting diversity and tolerance.

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Melting Pot Society

A system where different cultures blend and merge into a single, unified culture, emphasizing national unity.

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Urban Sprawl

The rapid growth of cities without sufficient infrastructure to support the growing population, leading to various problems.

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Car Dependency

The reliance on private vehicles over public transportation, contributing to traffic jams, air pollution, and a less walkable city.

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Sustainable Urban Design

Incorporating green spaces, efficient public transport, mixed-use development, and renewable energy to create sustainable and liveable cities.

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Sustainable Resource Extraction

The process of extracting natural resources in a way that minimizes environmental damage and ensures resource availability for future generations.

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Methods for Sustainable Resource Extraction

Improvements in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, material reuse, and minimizing environmental impact during extraction.

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Evolution of Canadian Job Industries

The shift from agriculture and resource extraction to industrialization, then to service-oriented economies, and finally to knowledge-based industries.

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Green Industries

Industries that focus on environmentally friendly technologies, practices, and products, contributing to a sustainable future.

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Service Sector

The sector of the economy that provides services rather than tangible goods, including healthcare, education, finance, and hospitality.

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Tectonic Plates

The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. The Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates, and they are constantly moving.

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Megalopolis

A large area that contains a series of cities, often connected by transportation networks and shared economic activities. Examples include the Northeast Megalopolis in the US, including cities like New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston.

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Suburb

A smaller community within commuting distance of a city, typically with lower population density and more residential areas. Suburbs offer a balance between urban and rural living styles.

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NIMBYism (Not In My Backyard)

An area where residents oppose something being built in their neighborhood, even though it might be beneficial for the community. It can stem from concerns like environmental impact, increased traffic, or changes in the character of their neighbourhood.

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Geothermal Energy

The use of energy resources from Earth's interior, like hot rocks and water reservoirs, to generate heat and electricity. It's a renewable energy source but geographically limited.

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Urbanization

The concentration of people within a certain area, primarily due to people moving from rural communities to urban areas. It can lead to population growth, economic activity, and social changes in cities.

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Slums

Heavily populated informal settlements in urban areas, characterized by substandard housing, overcrowding, and lack of basic services. They are often faced with issues like poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to healthcare.

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Primary Industries

The extraction and processing of raw materials, such as mining, forestry, and fishing. It forms the foundation of many economies.

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Secondary Industries

The process of transforming raw materials into usable goods, such as manufacturing, construction, and food processing. It adds value to the raw materials extracted in primary industries.

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Tertiary Industries

Industries providing services unrelated to natural resources, such as finance, healthcare, education, and retail. This sector includes a wide range of activities that support the needs of society.

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Quaternary Industries

Industries involving advanced knowledge, research, and development, such as software development, scientific research, and consulting. This sector focuses on innovation and creating new ideas and solutions.

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Quinary Industries

The highest level of decision-makers, including CEOs, government leaders, and top-level researchers. These roles involve strategic thinking, complex problem-solving, and directing organizations.

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CMA (Census Metropolitan Area)

A large area that contains municipalities connected economically and socially. It's the area where most people live and work together.

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Sustainability

Meeting our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves using resources wisely, reducing waste, and protecting the environment for sustainability.

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Plate Boundaries

Three types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent, and transform. Convergent boundaries occur when plates collide, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges. Divergent boundaries occur when plates move apart, leading to the formation of mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide horizontally past each other, causing earthquakes.

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The Rock Cycle

A process where rocks are transformed into different types through various geological processes. Igneous rocks form from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks form from compacted sediments, metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure, and the cycle continues.

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Glaciers in Canada

Large sheets of ice that moved across land, carving valleys, creating lakes, and shaping the Canadian landscape. The Laurentide Ice Sheet significantly influenced the formation of the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls.

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Climate Factors in Canada

Factors affecting climate in Canada: latitude, proximity to water, relief, and rain shadow. Latitude determines temperature based on distance from the equator. Proximity to water moderates temperatures. Relief creates variations in precipitation, and the rain shadow effect creates drier conditions on the leeward side of mountains.

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Climate Change in Northern Canada

Melting sea ice and permafrost in northern Canada due to rising temperatures, leading to infrastructure damage, greenhouse gas release, disruptions to Indigenous ways of life, and wildlife changes.

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Climate Change in Southern Canada

Increased temperatures in the south, particularly B.C. and Alberta, causing changes in agriculture and wildfires, droughts, and water shortages.

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Climate Change on the East Coast

Rising sea levels from melting ice caps on Canada's East Coast, leading to increased flooding and coastal erosion.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The primary cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to global warming.

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Deforestation and Climate Change

Destruction of habitats, particularly deforestation, plays a role in climate change. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and store it. When trees are cut down, carbon dioxide is released, contributing to warming.

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Renewable Energy for Climate Change

Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro power, are alternatives to fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Sustainable Practices for Climate Change

Using sustainable products and practices helps reduce deforestation and carbon emissions. Examples include planting trees, using recycled paper, and avoiding single-use plastics.

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Canada's Aging Population

Canada's fertility rate has been below the replacement level since the 1970s, leading to a shrinking population and an aging demographic. This has implications for economic growth and workforce availability.

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China's One-Child Policy

China's one-child policy, implemented to control population growth, resulted in a skewed sex ratio, with a larger number of males than females. This was due to cultural preferences for sons and practices like female fetal abortions.

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Japan's Shrinking Population

Japan's shrinking population poses challenges. Potential solutions include incentives for having children, encouraging dating and immigration, and implementing workplace policies that support families.

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Canada's Population Trends

Canada's population has grown steadily in recent decades due to immigration. However, the aging population and declining fertility rates will likely lead to a shift towards an older demographic in the future.

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Study Notes

Canadian Geography and Demographics

  • Territories and Provinces: Canada includes three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) and ten provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador).
  • Great Lakes: The Great Lakes are a group of five large freshwater lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario) that span the border of the U.S. and Canada.

Climate Classification

  • Continental vs. Maritime: Continental climates are found in areas with temperature ranges above 25℃ and summer maximum precipitation. Maritime climates have lower temperature ranges and precipitation that peaks in the winter.

Population Pyramids

  • Birth Rate: Wide bases on population pyramids indicate high birth rates, while narrow bases suggest low birth rates.
  • Mortality Rate: Concave sides indicate high mortality rates, while convex sides suggest low mortality rates.
  • Population Growth and Change: Expansive pyramids indicate population growth, constrictive pyramids show decline, and stationary pyramids demonstrate stable population growth.
  • Population Anomalies: Irregularities in population pyramids can be influenced by wars, diseases, and cultural preferences (e.g., sex ratios).

Geographic Concepts

  • Latitude and Longitude: Latitude (parallels) measures north-south position relative to the equator, and longitude (meridians) measures east-west position relative to the prime meridian.
  • Equator, Prime Meridian, International Date Line: The equator divides the Earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres, the prime meridian is the 0° longitude line, and the International date line is a line close to 180° longitude.
  • Major Circles of Latitude: Arctic Circle (66.5° N), Antarctic Circle (66.5° S), Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N), Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S).
  • Time Zones: Canada has six major time zones (Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, Newfoundland); these zones exist because some span 30 or 45 minutes apart.

Plate Tectonics

  • Continental Drift: Wegener's theory proposed that all continents were once joined as Pangaea.
  • Plate Tectonics: The theory states that the Earth's crust is composed of plates that move due to shifting magma in the mantle.
  • Types of Plate Boundaries: Convergent (collision, mountains), Divergent (separation, volcanoes), Transform (sliding, earthquakes).
  • Natural Disasters: Volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes are associated with plate tectonics.

Rock Cycle

  • Types of Rocks: Igneous (formed from cooled magma), Metamorphic (altered by heat and pressure), Sedimentary (formed from sediments).
  • Rock Cycle Process: Rocks change from one type to another through processes like weathering, erosion, compaction, and melting.

Laurentide Ice Sheet

  • Glacial Landforms: The Laurentide ice sheet played a role in shaping Canada's landscape, including the formation of the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls.

Landform Regions

  • Canadian Landform Regions: Canada has seven major distinct landform regions: Canadian Shield, Western Cordillera, Canadian Arctic, Appalachians, Interior Plains, Hudson Bay Lowlands, and St. Lawrence Lowlands.

Climate Factors

  • Weather vs. Climate: Weather describes daily conditions, while climate is long-term weather patterns.
  • Latitude: Temperatures decrease with increasing distance from the equator.
  • Ocean Currents: Currents moderate temperatures, with cold ones moving from polar regions and warm ones from tropical regions.
  • Wind and Air Masses: Prevailing westerlies affect weather, and air masses are large areas of air having uniform temperature and moisture.
  • Elevation: High altitudes experience cooler temperatures due to air expansion and reduced density.
  • Relief and Precipitation: Mountains cause rain shadows, leading to drier conditions on the leeward side due to air cooling and condensation.
  • Near Water: Water moderates temperatures in coastal areas.

Age Cohorts

  • Generational Characteristics: Different generational cohorts (Baby Boomers, Gen X, Millennials, Gen Z, Gen Alpha) exhibit varying traits related to work ethic, social habits, and technology usage

Population Statistics

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Number of births per 1,000 people per year.
  • Fertility Rate: Average number of births per woman.
  • Replacement Level Fertility: Fertility needed to maintain population size.
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR): Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
  • Mortality Rates: Measured through Infant, Child, and Maternal Mortality rates.
  • Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): Population change based on births and deaths only.
  • Doubling Time: Time needed for a population to double.
  • Dependency Load: Ratio of dependents (under 16 and over 65) to working-age population.
  • Population Pyramids: Show age and sex distribution of population.
  • Population Demographic Transition Model: Stages of population growth.
  • Population Problems Canada: Aging population, declining fertility, and economic implications.

Immigration

  • Immigration vs. Emigration: Immigration is movement into a country, while emigration is movement out of a country.
  • Immigration Factors: Pull factors (better quality of life, jobs) and push factors (war, poverty, etc.) influence immigration patterns.
  • Canadian Immigration Categories: Economic, family, refugee, and other immigrants.
  • Immigration Criteria: Factors considered for immigration include education, language proficiency, work experience, etc.
  • Immigration Destination in Canada: Large cities such as Toronto and Montreal and many areas facing labour shortages.

Indigenous Peoples

  • Indigenous Groups: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis.
  • Residential Schools: Past residential schools aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples.
  • Experiences: Poor conditions, abuse, assimilation policies, and the lasting effects of residential schools.
  • Truth and Reconciliation: Aimed at addressing colonial injustices.

Cities and Urbanization

  • Urban Hierarchy: Organized cities, towns, villages, and hamlets
  • Urban vs. Rural: Different characteristics and services offered in urban and rural areas.
  • Urban Sprawl: The outward spread of cities, associated with negative impacts such as loss of farmland, increased car dependency, and environmental problems.
  • NIMBYism: Opposition to development in one's neighborhood.
  • CMA (Census Metropolitan Area): Areas where people live and work together.
  • Gentrification: Wealthier individuals moving into lower-income neighborhoods, impacting affordability.
  • Slums: Highly populated urban informal settlements with substandard housing.
  • Overurbanization: City growth faster than infrastructure development and resources.

Industries

  • Industry Sectors: Primary (extraction), Secondary (processing), Tertiary (services), Quaternary (knowledge), Quinary (high-level decision making).
  • Economic Shift: Canada's economy has shifted from agriculture and resource extraction to service-based industries over time.

Natural Resources

  • Renewable Resources: Resources renewed over time (e.g., solar, hydroelectric).
  • Non-Renewable Resources: Resources that cannot be replaced (e.g., fossil fuels, oil sands).
  • Environmental Impacts of Resource Extraction: Effects like pollution and habitat destruction.
  • Sustainable Resource Management: Techniques and practices to minimize environmental harm.

Long Answer Questions (Summaries)

  • Tectonic Plate Effects: Plate movement leads to natural disasters and landform changes.
  • Rock Cycle: Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks cycle through different processes.
  • Glacial Impact: Glaciers shaped Canada’s geography through carving and deposition.
  • Climate Factors in Canada: Latitude, proximity to water, elevation, and relief affect Canada's diverse climates.
  • Effects of Climate Change: Climate change impacts different regions of Canada in various ways.
  • Causes and Solutions of Climate Change: Greenhouse gas emissions and habitat destruction drive climate change; renewable energy, sustainable practices, and forest conservation are important solutions.
  • Population Concerns: Canada faces challenges with an aging population and decreasing fertility rates.
  • China's One-Child Policy: Resulted in skewed sex ratios due to preference for male children.
  • Japan's Shrinking Population: Potential solutions involve incentives for births, encouraging immigration, and workforce policies.
  • Canada's Population Changes: Growth due to immigration, increasing aging population, and urbanization.
  • Rapid Population Growth/Decline: Causes and effects of rapid population growth or decline.
  • Role of Immigration in Canada: Benefits of immigration for Canada's workforce and culture.
  • Mosaic vs. Melting Pot: Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each cultural integration system.
  • Urban Problems: Overcrowding, traffic, high housing costs, and crime.
  • Sustainable City Design: Methods for designing more sustainable urban areas.
  • Low-Density Urban Sprawl: Problems associated with low-density urban sprawl, solutions to address these issues.
  • Car-Dependent Cities: Ways to design cities with less reliance on cars.
  • Sustainable Resource Extraction: Methods to extract resources while minimizing environmental damage.
  • Canada's Job Industry Changes: Evolution of Canada's job market from agricultural and resource-driven to a service-oriented economy.

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Test your knowledge on Canadian geography, including its provinces and territories, as well as the characteristics of its climate. Explore concepts like population pyramids and how birth and mortality rates shape demographics. This quiz will challenge your understanding of Canada's diverse landscapes and climate classifications.

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