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Questions and Answers
What was one of the main political challenges faced by Canada East and West that led to Confederation?
What was one of the main political challenges faced by Canada East and West that led to Confederation?
Which economic factor contributed to the motivation for Canadian Confederation?
Which economic factor contributed to the motivation for Canadian Confederation?
What security concern heightened fears that contributed to the push for Confederation?
What security concern heightened fears that contributed to the push for Confederation?
What was the main outcome of the Great Coalition formed in 1864?
What was the main outcome of the Great Coalition formed in 1864?
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Which event was initially focused on a Maritime Union but shifted towards discussing a larger federation?
Which event was initially focused on a Maritime Union but shifted towards discussing a larger federation?
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What significant document was developed during the Quebec Conference that influenced Confederation?
What significant document was developed during the Quebec Conference that influenced Confederation?
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What was the primary purpose of the London Conference in 1866?
What was the primary purpose of the London Conference in 1866?
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Which group within Canada East sought assurances to protect its language and religion during Confederation discussions?
Which group within Canada East sought assurances to protect its language and religion during Confederation discussions?
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What percentage of voters opposed the referendum?
What percentage of voters opposed the referendum?
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Which constitutional reform did Trudeau's vision include?
Which constitutional reform did Trudeau's vision include?
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What was a primary reason for Quebec's opposition to the patriation process?
What was a primary reason for Quebec's opposition to the patriation process?
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Who was a notable Indigenous leader that opposed the Meech Lake Accord?
Who was a notable Indigenous leader that opposed the Meech Lake Accord?
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What specific rights did Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 address?
What specific rights did Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 address?
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What event triggered the Oka Crisis?
What event triggered the Oka Crisis?
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What was the outcome of the Charlottetown Accord in 1992?
What was the outcome of the Charlottetown Accord in 1992?
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What led to the intervention of the Canadian army during the Oka Crisis?
What led to the intervention of the Canadian army during the Oka Crisis?
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Which of these organizations advocated for Indigenous rights in the 1982 Constitution?
Which of these organizations advocated for Indigenous rights in the 1982 Constitution?
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What was one of the criticisms of the negotiation process for the Meech Lake Accord?
What was one of the criticisms of the negotiation process for the Meech Lake Accord?
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What was the primary focus of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission established from 2007 to 2015?
What was the primary focus of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission established from 2007 to 2015?
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What system was introduced in 1886 that restricted Indigenous people's movement?
What system was introduced in 1886 that restricted Indigenous people's movement?
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What was a significant outcome of the Sixties Scoop?
What was a significant outcome of the Sixties Scoop?
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What was a significant consequence of the stock market crash of 1929 in Canada?
What was a significant consequence of the stock market crash of 1929 in Canada?
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Which organization was the first national Indigenous political organization founded in 1918?
Which organization was the first national Indigenous political organization founded in 1918?
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Which political party was formed in Alberta in response to dissatisfaction with the government during the Great Depression?
Which political party was formed in Alberta in response to dissatisfaction with the government during the Great Depression?
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What did the federal government propose in 1969 that aimed to abolish Indigenous rights?
What did the federal government propose in 1969 that aimed to abolish Indigenous rights?
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What was the primary role of the Bank of Canada when it was created?
What was the primary role of the Bank of Canada when it was created?
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What significant change was introduced by the Official Languages Act of 1969?
What significant change was introduced by the Official Languages Act of 1969?
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What legislation was introduced in Canada as a direct response to the economic issues during the Great Depression?
What legislation was introduced in Canada as a direct response to the economic issues during the Great Depression?
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How did the Great Depression influence the creation of new political parties in Canada?
How did the Great Depression influence the creation of new political parties in Canada?
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How did the Welfare State aim to address inequalities?
How did the Welfare State aim to address inequalities?
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What was a major demographic change in Canada following World War II?
What was a major demographic change in Canada following World War II?
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What major policy change did Prime Minister Robert Bennett propose in response to the Great Depression?
What major policy change did Prime Minister Robert Bennett propose in response to the Great Depression?
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What event marked the first time Indigenous peoples had a dedicated pavilion in Canada?
What event marked the first time Indigenous peoples had a dedicated pavilion in Canada?
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What impact did the Dust Bowl have on Canadian agriculture?
What impact did the Dust Bowl have on Canadian agriculture?
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Why was the residential school system implemented in Canada?
Why was the residential school system implemented in Canada?
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What significant trend occurred in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s?
What significant trend occurred in Quebec during the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s?
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What was the impact of the 1969 Omnibus Bill?
What was the impact of the 1969 Omnibus Bill?
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What was the primary consequence of the bilateral defense agreement between Canada and the United States in 1940?
What was the primary consequence of the bilateral defense agreement between Canada and the United States in 1940?
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What role did women serve in the Canadian military during World War II?
What role did women serve in the Canadian military during World War II?
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What was the main purpose of the creation of Reserves after the North-West Rebellions?
What was the main purpose of the creation of Reserves after the North-West Rebellions?
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What was a major impact of the Winnipeg General Strike on public perception during the post-war years?
What was a major impact of the Winnipeg General Strike on public perception during the post-war years?
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Which group emerged as a symbol of Indigenous resistance in the 1970s?
Which group emerged as a symbol of Indigenous resistance in the 1970s?
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Which military effort marked a significant turning point in World War II for Canada?
Which military effort marked a significant turning point in World War II for Canada?
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What was a significant outcome of the Nine-Hour Movement?
What was a significant outcome of the Nine-Hour Movement?
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What significant development occurred in Canadian aviation during World War II?
What significant development occurred in Canadian aviation during World War II?
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Which urban challenge was a direct result of rapid population growth in Canada?
Which urban challenge was a direct result of rapid population growth in Canada?
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What role did mechanization play in the Canadian economy during industrialization?
What role did mechanization play in the Canadian economy during industrialization?
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What was a key feature of the Workers’ Compensation Act implemented in Ontario in 1914?
What was a key feature of the Workers’ Compensation Act implemented in Ontario in 1914?
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What marked the increase in union membership between 1880-1910?
What marked the increase in union membership between 1880-1910?
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What discriminatory actions were taken against Chinese immigrants in Canada?
What discriminatory actions were taken against Chinese immigrants in Canada?
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How did the 'Last Best West' campaign aim to influence immigration?
How did the 'Last Best West' campaign aim to influence immigration?
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What was the contribution of electrification in urban environments?
What was the contribution of electrification in urban environments?
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What led to the Montreal Dockworkers’ Strike in 1877?
What led to the Montreal Dockworkers’ Strike in 1877?
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What factor significantly drove population growth in Canada from 1871 to 1911?
What factor significantly drove population growth in Canada from 1871 to 1911?
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What was a notable consequence of the economic recession in 1877?
What was a notable consequence of the economic recession in 1877?
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What movement was closely linked to the broader efforts for social reform, including women’s suffrage?
What movement was closely linked to the broader efforts for social reform, including women’s suffrage?
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What impact did transportation networks, such as refrigerated railway cars, have on the meat processing industry?
What impact did transportation networks, such as refrigerated railway cars, have on the meat processing industry?
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What was one primary reason for Canada's increase in immigration after World War II?
What was one primary reason for Canada's increase in immigration after World War II?
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How did European immigration impact Quebec's linguistic landscape?
How did European immigration impact Quebec's linguistic landscape?
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What was a key outcome of the Saint-Léonard Crisis?
What was a key outcome of the Saint-Léonard Crisis?
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What did Trudeau's multiculturalism policy emphasize?
What did Trudeau's multiculturalism policy emphasize?
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What was the primary focus of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec?
What was the primary focus of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec?
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What event triggered the invocation of the War Measures Act in 1970?
What event triggered the invocation of the War Measures Act in 1970?
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What was the ultimate aim of the Parti Québécois during the 1980 referendum?
What was the ultimate aim of the Parti Québécois during the 1980 referendum?
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Which statement accurately reflects Trudeau’s vision regarding language policies?
Which statement accurately reflects Trudeau’s vision regarding language policies?
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What did Bill 101 aim to achieve in Quebec?
What did Bill 101 aim to achieve in Quebec?
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Which cultural dynamic was mainly influenced by the arrival of immigrants in Canada post-WWII?
Which cultural dynamic was mainly influenced by the arrival of immigrants in Canada post-WWII?
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How did the Quiet Revolution affect Quebec's economic policies?
How did the Quiet Revolution affect Quebec's economic policies?
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What characterized the 1974 Official Language Act (Bill 22) in Quebec?
What characterized the 1974 Official Language Act (Bill 22) in Quebec?
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What was an outcome of the FLQ’s actions during the October Crisis?
What was an outcome of the FLQ’s actions during the October Crisis?
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Which organization was founded first in the fight for women's voting rights in Canada?
Which organization was founded first in the fight for women's voting rights in Canada?
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What was one major reason for the introduction of exclusionary policies against non-white immigrants in Canada?
What was one major reason for the introduction of exclusionary policies against non-white immigrants in Canada?
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How did the Battle of Vimy Ridge impact Canada's national identity?
How did the Battle of Vimy Ridge impact Canada's national identity?
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What measure did the Canadian government introduce in response to the slowing voluntary enlistment during World War I?
What measure did the Canadian government introduce in response to the slowing voluntary enlistment during World War I?
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What was the key role of the Imperial Munitions Commission during the war?
What was the key role of the Imperial Munitions Commission during the war?
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Which of the following was a direct consequence of the War Measures Act of 1914?
Which of the following was a direct consequence of the War Measures Act of 1914?
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What significant social change occurred for women in Canada as a result of their contributions during World War I?
What significant social change occurred for women in Canada as a result of their contributions during World War I?
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What was the economic effect at the beginning of World War I on Canada?
What was the economic effect at the beginning of World War I on Canada?
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Which social phenomenon grew in prominence in Canada during the 1920s?
Which social phenomenon grew in prominence in Canada during the 1920s?
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Which group faced significant internment during World War I in Canada under the War Measures Act?
Which group faced significant internment during World War I in Canada under the War Measures Act?
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What was one effect of the Spanish Flu Pandemic in Canada post-World War I?
What was one effect of the Spanish Flu Pandemic in Canada post-World War I?
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What characterized the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919?
What characterized the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919?
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What was a driving force behind the rise of nationalism in Europe prior to World War I?
What was a driving force behind the rise of nationalism in Europe prior to World War I?
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What percentage of soldiers' votes did Borden's party receive in the 1917 federal election?
What percentage of soldiers' votes did Borden's party receive in the 1917 federal election?
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What was a major reason for the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867?
What was a major reason for the formation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867?
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Which individual is recognized as the first Prime Minister of Canada and an advocate for a strong central government?
Which individual is recognized as the first Prime Minister of Canada and an advocate for a strong central government?
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What did the Métis establish to protect their rights during the hardships faced in 1867-68?
What did the Métis establish to protect their rights during the hardships faced in 1867-68?
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Which Act significantly shaped the assimilation of Indigenous peoples in Canada?
Which Act significantly shaped the assimilation of Indigenous peoples in Canada?
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What was one of the promises made to British Columbia when it joined Canada in 1871?
What was one of the promises made to British Columbia when it joined Canada in 1871?
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What was the main goal of the residential school system established in Canada?
What was the main goal of the residential school system established in Canada?
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What was a characteristic of the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
What was a characteristic of the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
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Which of the following provinces joined Confederation in exchange for debt assumption by Canada?
Which of the following provinces joined Confederation in exchange for debt assumption by Canada?
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Which two figures led the North-West Rebellions in 1885?
Which two figures led the North-West Rebellions in 1885?
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The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 aimed to encourage what?
The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 aimed to encourage what?
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Which treaty creation process was characterized by a lack of recognition of Indigenous sovereignty?
Which treaty creation process was characterized by a lack of recognition of Indigenous sovereignty?
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What fundamental right did the Manitoba Act of 1870 guarantee for the Métis?
What fundamental right did the Manitoba Act of 1870 guarantee for the Métis?
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Which of the following can be considered a key characteristic of the second phase of industrialization in Canada?
Which of the following can be considered a key characteristic of the second phase of industrialization in Canada?
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What was the purpose of the North-West Mounted Police established during Canadian westward expansion?
What was the purpose of the North-West Mounted Police established during Canadian westward expansion?
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Study Notes
Canadian Confederation
- Confederation was a response to political deadlock, economic challenges, security concerns, and cultural identity issues.
- Canada East and West (Quebec and Ontario) faced political deadlock in the Province of Canada.
- A lack of central government hindered unified policies and relationships with Britain and Indigenous peoples.
- French Canadians wanted assurances about language and religious protections.
- Economic dependence on Britain ended with the repeal of favorable Corn Laws in 1846.
- The Great Trunk Railway faced financial difficulties, highlighting the need for a unified market.
- The American Civil War and Fenian Raids spurred fears of an American invasion, increasing the need for stronger defense.
- Confederation aimed to prevent cultural assimilation by the United States and protect French Canadian culture.
Key Steps Toward Confederation
- The Great Coalition (1864): MacDonald, Cartier, and Brown formed to break political deadlock.
- They proposed a federal union granting provincial autonomy and centralizing certain powers.
- Charlottetown Conference (1864): Focused on Maritime Union but expanded to a larger federation.
- Key discussions included representation by population and regional autonomy for smaller provinces.
- Quebec Conference (1864): Delegates produced the 72 Resolutions, forming the basis for Confederation.
- These resolutions proposed a federal system with shared responsibilities and minority protections.
- London Conference (1866): Final terms agreed upon with British officials, leading to the British North America Act (1867).
Key Outcomes
- The Dominion of Canada (1867): Created by the British North America Act, initially including Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.
- Canada gained self-governance but remained under British control for foreign affairs.
- A bicameral legislature (House of Commons and Senate) divided powers between federal and provincial governments.
- Federal powers included defense, trade, and immigration; provincial powers included education and health.
Key Figures
- John A. Macdonald: Advocated for a strong central government and became Canada's first Prime Minister.
- George-Étienne Cartier: Represented French Canadians, advocating for language and religious rights.
- George Brown: Championed representation by population and federalism to end political deadlock.
Western Expansion and Indigenous Assimilation
- Métis Challenges (1867-1868): Faced hardships from crop failures and settler pressure.
- Manitoba Act (1870): Created the province of Manitoba, promising rights for French language, confessional schools, and a Metis land reserve (later eroded).
- British Columbia joined Canada (1871) in exchange for the promise of a transcontinental railway.
- Dominion Lands Act (1872): Offered land to encourage settlement in the West.
- North-West Mounted Police (NWMP): Established to maintain order and negotiate treaties.
- Numbered Treaties (1871-1921): Signed with Indigenous communities, creating reserves and promising payments, healthcare, and schooling (viewed as land sales, not nation-to-nation agreements).
- Prince Edward Island joined Confederation (1873) in exchange for debt assumption, and a ferry service.
- Indian Act (1876): Imposed legal structure and reserve system. Restricted Indigenous rights, including land ownership and mobility. Enforced assimilation.
- Cultural Suppression: Amendments banned ceremonies to enforce assimilation.
- Residential Schools (1887-1990): Created to assimilate Indigenous children.
- North-West Rebellions (1885): Rebellions against government policies, resulting in military action and consequences.
Industrialization and Urbanization
- The shift from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy.
- Transformation of production methods from manual to mechanized processes.
- Significant investment in this transformation.
- First Phase: Primary technologies (steam engine, basic machinery), development of metallurgy, textiles, and transportation infrastructure.
- Second Phase: New advancements (electricity, telegraph, telephone); mass production of consumer goods, like shoes.
- Case studies: Clendinning Foundry, Hochelaga Cotton Factory.
- New working environments (mass production, e.g., Montreal shoe factories).
- Labour Movements (Nine-Hour Movement, Toronto Strike, 1872, and Montreal Dockworkers’ Strike, 1877): Demanded better conditions (leading to worker protections).
- Winnipeg General Strike in 1919 as an example of labour unrest.
- Unemployment, housing and livestock presence as major urban challenges.
- Rapid population increase and urban expansion.
- Meat processing industry developed.
- Transportation networks (refrigerated railway cars) facilitated meat transport to urban centers.
- Electrification and transportation (electric streetcars) increased urban mobility.
Immigration and Social Reform
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Importance of immigration for labor shortages and western settlement.
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1878 National Policy by John A. Macdonald aimed to develop the economy through protective tariffs, railway construction, and immigration.
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Chinese immigration in two major waves, drawn by the Fraser River Gold Rush and railway work – faced head taxes and restrictions
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European immigration (1896-1914): Sought out farmers from Eastern Europe.
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Afro-American immigration (1905-1912): Banned after 1911.
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Discriminatory policies (Chinese Immigration Act, anti-Asian sentiments): Restrictions against non-white immigrants.
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Campaigns to attract "desirable immigrants" (criteria determined by potential for assimilation into the Canadian population).
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Temperance Movement: Advocated for alcohol prohibition, linked to women’s suffrage.
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Women's Suffrage: Efforts to gain voting rights.
Canada and World War I
- Canada automatically involved in WWI (August 1914).
- 650,000 Canadians joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force (65,000 died, 150,000 wounded).
- Causes of WWI: European industrialization and competition, imperial/colonial conflicts, rising nationalism.
- Canadian soldiers faced harsh trench conditions and heavy casualties (Battle of Vimy Ridge, 1917).
- Conscription Crisis (1917): Led by Robert Borden and faced significant division.
- The War Measures Act (1914): Suspended civil liberties.
- Internment camps: Thousands (mainly Ukrainians) detained as "enemy aliens."
- The Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918-1920) impacted Canada heavily.
The 1920s and the Great Depression
- Economic growth in new industries in the 1920s but also challenges in the form of Prohibition and Smuggling.
- The stock Market Crash (1929) triggered the Great Depression.
- The Canadian economy experienced a sharp downturn (industrial collapses and unemployment).
- Falling commodity prices hit farmers and resource economies hard.
- The Dust Bowl (severe drought) in the Prairies disrupted agriculture.
- Government responses were slow and inadequate initially.
- Social consequences: widespread poverty and hardship.
- New institutions (Bank of Canada) and programs addressed economic challenges.
Canada and World War II
- Canada declared war on Germany (September 1, 1939).
- Initial Canadian military role focused on supplying equipment.
- Development of aviation in Canada is important.
- Allied defense agreements (between Canada and the US).
- Canada’s declaration of war on Japan (December 8, 1941).
- Contributions of women to the war effort.
- Increased scientific research and technological advancement.
Indigenous Peoples and Post-War Canada
- Residential Schools (1886-1996): Designed to assimilate Indigenous children.
- Conditions in residential schools and long-term trauma associated with forced assimilation.
- The reserve system and its impact – restricted movement and limited economic opportunities.
- The 1960s Scoop: Indigenous children forcibly removed from their families and placed with non-Indigenous families.
- Indigenous activism and policies (White Paper, Kahnawake Warrior Society): Resisted assimilation and advocated for rights.
Post-War Transformation:
- Expansion of the welfare state: Improved healthcare, unemployment insurance, pensions.
- Post-war immigration waves: Influenced by economic demands and political refugees.
- Immigration policy reforms: Points-based system aimed to manage immigration more efficiently.
- Quebec nationalism and the Quiet Revolution: Economic and social reforms in the province, a desire for more provincial autonomy, and tensions with federalism.
- Second-wave feminism: Advocated for equal opportunities in education, employment and broader legal rights.
- Bilingualism and multiculturalism: Recognition of French and English, and emphasis on cultural diversity in Canada. These policies led to significant tensions between federal and provincial governments, particularly in Quebec.
Constitutional and Territorial Crises
- Indigenous Peoples and the Constitution Act, 1982: Section 35 recognized Aboriginal and treaty rights.
- Meech Lake Accord (1987-1990): Failed to garner support due to opposition and concerns involving Indigenous communities.
- Oka Crisis (1990): Standoff between Mohawks and the Quebec Provincial Police over land claims and Indigenous sovereignty.
- Charlottetown Accord (1992): Another failed attempt to address constitutional issues, also lacking broad support.
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Description
Explore the key factors and events that led to the Canadian Confederation. This quiz covers political deadlock, economic challenges, and cultural identity issues faced by Canada East and West. Understand the steps taken towards the unification of Canada and the significance of protecting French Canadian culture.
