Canada's Population Dynamics

Canada's Population Growth

• Historically, population growth occurred because of natural increase (more births than deaths).
• Healthcare improvements increased survival rates.
• Immigration became a key factor in the 20th century.

Daily Population Changes (2011-2012)

• Births: 1,042 per day
• Deaths: 689 per day
• Net birth increase: +353 per day
• Immigrants: 710 per day
• Emigrants: 140 per day
• Net migration increase: +570 per day
• Total daily increase: +923 people

Key Population Terms

• Immigrant: A person moving into a country
• Emigrant: A person leaving a country
• Demography: The study of human populations

Birth Rate

• Births per 1,000 people per year.
• Formula: (Total Births ÷ Population) × 1000
• Canada’s 2014 birth rate: (386,000 ÷ 35,450,000) × 1000 = 10.9
• Birth rate comparisons: Japan: 8.1, Togo: 34.5

Death Rate

• Deaths per 1,000 people per year.
• Formula: (Total Deaths ÷ Population) × 1000
• Death rate comparisons (2014): Canada: 7.2, Japan: 9.3, Togo: 7.4

Natural Increase Rate

• Calculated as Birth Rate – Death Rate
• Canada (2014): 10.9 – 7.2 = 3.7 per 1000

Immigration Rate

• Immigrants per 1,000 people.
• Canada (2014): 7.5 per 1000

Emigration Rate

• Emigrants per 1,000 people.
• Canada (2014): 1.5 per 1000

Net Migration Rate

• Calculated as Immigration Rate – Emigration Rate
• Canada (2014): 7.5 – 1.5 = 6 per 1000

Population Growth Rate

• Calculated as Natural Increase + Net Migration
• Canada (2014): 3.7 + 6 = 10 per 1000 (1%)

Doubling Time

• The amount of time a population takes to double.
• Calculated by the Rule of 70: 70 ÷ Population Growth Rate (%)
• Example: 70 ÷ 1.0 = 70 years

Immigration in Canada

• 96% of Canadians are immigrants or descendants of immigrants.
• 4% are Indigenous Peoples (First Nations, Métis, Inuit).

Reasons for Immigration

• Push Factors: War, poverty, poor environment, political instability.
• Pull Factors: Job opportunities, education, family, political stability.

Immigration Process

• Demand for immigration is often greater than available spots.
• Immigrants are selected based on their ability to contribute to the economy.
• Two main categories: Economic and Social/Humanitarian.

Types of Economic Immigration

• Skilled Worker Class: Uses a point system based on education, experience, job demand. High-demand jobs include engineers, doctors, nurses, executives.
• Skilled Trades Class: Uses a pass/fail system, not points. Requires a job offer, strong language skills, 2+ years of experience, and Canadian certification.
• Canadian Experience Class: For temporary workers who have legally worked in Canada for 1+ year.
• Start-Up Visa: Requires a business plan, an approved Canadian investor, language proficiency, and post-secondary education.

Types of Social/Humanitarian Immigration

• Family Class: Sponsored by a Canadian citizen or resident who provides financial support until the immigrant finds work.
• Refugee Class: For people fleeing war, persecution, or unsafe conditions.

Where Immigrants Settle

• Most Popular Provinces: Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, Alberta.
• Least Popular: Territories, Atlantic Canada, Saskatchewan, Manitoba.
• Settlement trends are influenced by jobs, economy, family, and cultural communities.

Internal Migration in Canada

• Intra-Provincial Migration: Moving within a province; 11% of the population in 2011.
• Inter-Provincial Migration: Moving to a different province; 3% of the population in 2011.
• Indigenous Migration: Increasing movement of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit to urban areas for jobs. Indigenous populations are largest in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Territories.

Population Pyramid

• A graph that shows age and gender distribution.
• Used for predicting future population trends and analyzing aging or youth-heavy populations.