Canada's Federal System: Government and Institutions
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Questions and Answers

How do indigenous communities approach youth justice?

Through Justice committees and Sentencing Circles

What is an Elder's role in indigenous youth justice?

Elders play an important role in the process

What are Sentencing Circles?

Sentencing Circles are community-based forums

What is a Youth Justice Committee?

<p>It is composed of community volunteers working with young offenders</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are Youth Justice Committees similar to Sentencing Circles?

<p>Both involve the community and focus on repairing damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the Charter of Rights and Freedoms put into effect in Canada?

<p>1982</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who put the Charter of Rights and Freedoms into effect in Canada?

<p>Pierre Elliot Trudeau</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rights/freedom was used to support the Singh decision?

<p>Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are Canada's indigenous peoples affected by immigration?

<p>Immigration can have positive impacts by increasing awareness and understanding of Indigenous peoples and their cultures. Historically, negative impacts included assimilation policies like the residential school system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Canada use immigration to support Official Language groups?

<p>Canada supports its official languages through language requirements for permanent residency, where applicants must meet language proficiency in either English or French.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Provincial Nomination Program and how does it influence where immigrants go in Canada?

<p>The Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) allows provinces to nominate individuals for immigration, influencing where immigrants settle based on each province's economic and social needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Canada-Quebec Accord and how does it impact immigration?

<p>The Canada-Quebec Accord is an agreement giving Quebec control over immigration to select immigrants suitable for the province's needs, while recognizing Quebec's distinct society within Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drove the Supreme Court's decision in the Singh case?

<p>The Supreme Court ruled based on the interpretation of 'everyone' in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to include 'every person physically in Canada,' protecting legal rights of potential immigrants/refugees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have immigration policies impacted Collective Rights in Canada?

<p>Immigration policies have impacted Indigenous Collective Rights and Official Language Groups in Canada by influencing cultural dynamics and economic opportunities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is scarcity in an economy?

<p>Scarcity in an economy refers to the condition where unlimited wants exist but the resources to fulfill those wants are limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors of production in an economy?

<p>The three factors of production are Land (natural resources), Labor (human resources), and Capital (money or goods used to make more goods or services).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do supply, demand, and price affect each other in an economy?

<p>Supply, demand, and price in an economy are interconnected, where changes in supply and demand affect the equilibrium price and quantity of goods/services exchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does competition affect the quality of life as a consumer?

<p>Competition among companies can improve the quality of life for consumers by leading to better products/services, lower prices, and more choices in the market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monopolies and why can they be both bad and good?

<p>Monopolies are businesses with sole control over a particular product or service. They can be bad by limiting competition, leading to high prices, but good by ensuring price stability and efficiency in production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be the reason for governments to intervene in market economies?

<p>To address inefficiency of resources or market failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a mixed economy, why might governments intervene?

<p>To prevent prices from rising or falling below a certain level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Labour Unions.

<p>Labor unions are organizations formed by workers to represent their interests to employers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a strike?

<p>Workers refuse to work until their demands are met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a boycott?

<p>To stop buying a product or service as a form of protest or to bring about change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Consumerism.

<p>Consumerism is the desire to buy goods or services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GDP stand for?

<p>Gross Domestic Product</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the advertising technique with its description:

<p>Celebrity Testimonial = Using famous figures to influence product purchase Bandwagon Effect = 'Everyone else is doing it' approach Plain Folks Appeal = Associating product with ordinary people Comparison = Highlighting superiority over competitors Scientific Appeal = Using data and research to promote product Glittering Generalities = Promising everything with no substance Emotional Appeal = Eliciting emotional response from consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of social programs offered by governments?

<p>To reduce economic inequality and improve citizen well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to privatize a social program?

<p>Shifting responsibility for services from the government to private entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of government does Canada have?

<p>Constitutional monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the head of state in Canada?

<p>The King (Monarch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three branches of government in Canada.

<p>Executive Branch, Judicial Branch, Legislative Branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Executive Branch in Canada's Federal Government?

<p>Responsible for day-to-day governing, proposing ideas to become laws, and putting laws into action</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Cabinet Ministers get their jobs and what do they do in Canada's Federal Government?

<p>Appointed by the Prime Minister; Responsible for running different governing departments and agencies, making decisions regarding spending and government actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the members of the Legislative Branch in Canada.

<p>House of Commons, Senate, Governor General</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Legislative Branch in Canada's Federal Government?

<p>Responsible for passing laws, holding the Executive Branch accountable</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the members of the Judicial Branch appointed in Canada?

<p>Appointed by the Executive Branch, lifetime appointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a Majority Government and a Minority Government in Canada?

<p>Majority Government controls more than 50% of the seats, while Minority Government controls less than 50% but more than any other party</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Judiciary Branch in Canada's Federal Government?

<p>Interpreting laws in a fair manner, checking the power of the other branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a bill become a law in Canada?

<p>First Reading, Second Reading, Committee Stage, Report Stage, Royal Assent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Bias? How is it used in the Media and how is it connected to the Government?

<p>Prejudice or favoritism; Used to influence viewers' opinions; Connected to government as media keeps government activities in check</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are lobbyists and who in government do they influence?

<p>Interest groups seeking to influence political decision-making; They influence policymakers and lawmakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Canada's ruling party and do they have a Majority or Minority Government?

<p>Liberals; They hold a minority government</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to have a Fair and Equitable Justice System?

<p>Rules apply to everyone equally, taking individual needs and circumstances into account.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)?

<p>Canadian statute covering the prosecution of youths for criminal offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the YCJA attempt to deal with Youth Offenders?

<p>Through rehabilitation, lessons, and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do youth and adult justice differ in Canada?

<p>Different age groups, consequences, sentencing, privacy laws, criminal records</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the objectives of the YCJA?

<p>Prevent future crimes by addressing circumstances of young offenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to rehabilitate and reintegrate youth offenders?

<p>Restore to normal life through training and therapy, reintegrate into the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine consequences under the YCJA? What is the meaning of meaningful consequences?

<p>Factors include prevention, corrective actions, and understanding impact on others/community; Meaningful consequences prevent future offenses and promote learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sort of sentences can youth face under the YCJA?

<p>Community service, counseling, prison (juvie), criminal record, restitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a jury and what are the criteria to be called for jury duty in Canada?

<p>Jury makes unanimous decisions on guilt, Criteria include age and Canadian citizenship</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Justice Advocacy Groups (JAG) and provide two examples from Canada?

<p>Groups underlie reasons for crime, provide education about laws; Examples include groups working with youth and adults to help them return to their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Canada's Federal System

  • Canada has a constitutional monarchy, with the King/Queen as the Head of State, but it operates as a democracy where representatives are elected.
  • The three branches of government are:
    • Executive Branch: responsible for day-to-day governing, proposing ideas to become laws, and putting laws into action.
      • Members: Prime Minister, Governor General, Cabinet Ministers, and Public Service (Federal workers)
    • Legislative Branch: responsible for passing laws and holding the Executive Branch accountable.
      • Members: House of Commons (HoC) and Senate, with the Governor General as the Head of Government
    • Judicial Branch: interprets laws in a fair and impartial manner.
      • Members: Supreme Court of Canada, with 9 justices appointed by the Executive Branch
  • Cabinet Ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister and are responsible for running different governing departments and agencies.
  • The Legislative Branch has two parts:
    • House of Commons (elected representatives)
    • Senate (appointed representatives)

Electoral Process

  • Canada holds elections every 4 years, but an election can be called at any time by the Governor General at the request of the Prime Minister.
  • Voting is based on the First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) system, where the person with the most votes in a riding wins the seat in the House of Commons.
  • The political party with the most seats in the HoC becomes the ruling party, and its leader becomes the Prime Minister.

Judicial Branch

  • The Judicial Branch has no law-making powers, but it interprets laws to ensure they are applied equally to all citizens.
  • Supreme Court justices are appointed by the Executive Branch and serve for life (up to age 75).

Checks and Balances

  • The Judicial Branch checks the power of the Executive and Legislative Branches.
  • The Legislative Branch holds the Executive Branch accountable through questioning in the HoC.

How a Bill Becomes a Law

  • First Reading: Bill is presented and considered for the first time
  • Second Reading: Parties debate on the principle of the bill
  • Committee Stage: Detailed study of the bill by a committee (MPs and Senate)
  • Report Stage: Committee reports to the HoC, and the bill is passed onto the Senate
  • Royal Assent: Bill is ready to become a law, and the Governor General accepts or declines it on behalf of the King

Bias and Lobbying

  • Bias is prejudice or favoritism for or against one thing.
  • Lobbyists are individuals who seek to influence political decision-making on specific public issues.

Canada's Current Ruling Government

  • The Liberal party is the ruling party, with a minority government holding 158 seats in the HoC.
  • The opposition party is the Conservatives.

Canada's System of Justice and the YCJA

  • The Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) aims to prevent future crimes and focuses on rehabilitation and reintegration of youth offenders.
  • The YCJA applies to youths aged 12-17.
  • Differences between youth and adult justice in Canada:
    • Age: 12-17 for youth, 18+ for adults
    • Possible consequences: counseling and community service for youth, going to court for adults
    • Types of sentencing: prohibits adult sentences for 12-14 year olds, allows adult sentences for 14+ year olds who have committed serious crimes
    • Media and publication of identity: protects the privacy of young offenders, allows publication of offender's names for adults
    • Criminal records: allows most young offenders to avoid a criminal record

Rehabilitation and Reintegration

  • Rehabilitation: restoring someone to health or normal life by training and therapy
  • Reintegration: bringing the young offender back to their community, so they don't feel like they aren't a part of the community anymore

Factors in Sentencing

  • Factors that determine consequences under the YCJA:
    • Age and maturity of the youth
    • Nature and severity of the offence
    • Circumstances surrounding the offence
    • Previous record, if any
    • Degree of responsibility taken by the young person

Jury Duty and Justice Advocacy Groups

  • Jury duty is a democratic duty, and anyone over 18 years old and a Canadian citizen can be called for jury duty.
  • Justice advocacy groups work independently of the government to provide public education about laws and justice systems, including the YCJA.

Indigenous Communities and Youth Justice

  • Indigenous communities approach youth justice through justice committees, which reflect the ideas and values of restorative justice and Indigenous community circles.
  • Elders play an important role in this process.

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

  • The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was added to Canada's constitution in 1982 by Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau.
  • The Charter has 33 sections that outline both individual and collective rights and freedoms.

Fundamental Freedoms

  • Freedom of association: freedom to form, join, and leave any groups
  • Freedom of peaceful assembly: freedom to protest peacefully
  • Freedom of expression: freedom to express thoughts, opinions, and beliefs
  • Freedom of religion: freedom to practise and worship any spiritual beliefs in private and public without discrimination

Rights and Freedoms

  • Democratic rights: right to vote, participate in public life, and stand for public office
  • Mobility rights: right to move freely within the country and seek employment elsewhere
  • Legal rights: right to a fair trial, protection against unreasonable search and seizure, and equality before the law
  • Equality rights: right not to be discriminated against based on race, age, religion, sexual orientation, gender, and other grounds

Collective Rights

  • Collective rights affect a group of individuals, such as Francophones, Anglophones, Métis, and First Nations.
  • Collective rights include rights related to language, education, and land use.

Indigenous Collective Rights

  • First Nations have collective rights to land, education, healthcare, and self-government.
  • The Indian Act and the Constitution Act (1982) affirm the existing inherent and treaty rights of Canada's Indigenous peoples.

Métis Collective Rights

  • Métis have collective rights to land, education, and self-government.
  • The Métis Population Betterment Act and the Alberta Métis Settlement Accords recognize Métis rights.

Language Rights

  • Official Language Act and Charter of Rights and Freedoms recognize the equality of French and English as official languages.
  • Francophones and Anglophones have collective rights to education, language, and cultural preservation.

Other Collective Rights

  • The Charter of Rights and Freedoms recognizes the collective rights of other groups, such as women, people with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ individuals.### Immigration and Refugee Protection
  • The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Section 35 acknowledges Métis rights.
  • Immigration is the process of people establishing homes and often citizenship in a country that is not their native country.
  • Push factors are circumstances that force people to leave their country, while pull factors are reasons that attract them to another country.

Factors Encouraging Immigration

  • Economic factors: seeking better job opportunities and improving their standard of living.
  • Political factors: escaping persecution, conflict, or political instability.
  • Health factors: seeking better healthcare systems and services.
  • Security factors: seeking a safer country with low crime rates and a stable political environment.
  • Rights factors: seeking freedom to practice their religion without discrimination or persecution.

Canada's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (2002)

  • Established three categories of immigrants: Family Class, Refugee Class, and Economic Class.
  • Objectives include:
    • Pursuing social, cultural, and economic benefits for all Canadians.
    • Respecting bilingualism and multiculturalism.
    • Reuniting families.
    • Promoting the successful integration of immigrants into Canadian society.

Categories of Immigrants

  • Family Class: immediate family members living in Canada can sponsor relatives.
  • Refugee Class: seeking sanctuary or refuge in another country due to persecution, torture, or unusual punishment.
  • Economic Class: skilled workers contributing to the Canadian economy.

Point System

  • A series of questions to determine eligibility for economic immigration to Canada.
  • Categories include education, language, work experience, age, arranged employment in Canada, and adaptability.
  • A minimum of 67 points out of 100 is required for successful immigration.

The Singh Decision

  • Ensured that refugee claimants have the right to a fair and speedy hearing.
  • Ruled that denying potential refugees an in-person hearing infringes on their legal rights.
  • Led to changes in the Immigration Act to provide necessities of life while awaiting a hearing.

Provincial Nominee Program (PNP)

  • Allows provinces and territories to nominate individuals who wish to immigrate to Canada.
  • Provinces can select immigrants who meet their specific economic and labor market needs.

Canada-Quebec Accord

  • Agreement between the federal government and Quebec, recognizing Quebec's unique cultural and linguistic characteristics.
  • Grants Quebec greater control over immigration, allowing them to select immigrants who meet their specific needs.

Scarcity and Economic Systems

  • Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of unlimited wants and limited resources.
  • Three factors of production: Land, Labour, and Capital.
  • Economic systems respond to scarcity in different ways:
    • Planned economy: government decides what to produce, who gets it, and how.
    • Mixed economy: both government and private businesses make decisions.
    • Market economy: individuals and businesses make decisions based on supply and demand.

Supply and Demand

  • Supply and demand curves intersect at the equilibrium price and quantity.
  • Changes in supply or demand can affect the equilibrium price and quantity.

Monopolies

  • A single business that is the sole producer or distributor of a good or service.
  • Can be beneficial (stability, lower prices) or harmful (higher prices, lack of innovation).

Labour Unions

  • Workers form unions to represent their needs to employers.
  • Unions can negotiate better working conditions, higher wages, and benefits.

Consumerism

  • The desire to buy goods and services.
  • Can positively or negatively affect the economy.
  • Factors affecting consumerism include:
    • Identity
    • Health and Safety
    • Environment
    • Need
    • Jobs### Business Operations
  • Business operations involve supporting safety, standards, pay wage, and prohibiting child labor

Marketing and Advertising

  • Marketing is the act of promoting or selling a product
  • Advertising is a part of marketing, and it involves creating ad campaigns to influence consumer behavior
  • Types of advertisements:
    • Celebrity Testimonial: using famous people to promote a product
    • Bandwagon Effect: influencing consumers by suggesting "everyone else is doing it"
    • Plain Folks Appeal: relating a product to ordinary people's experiences
    • Comparison: comparing a product to a direct competitor
    • Scientific Appeal: using statistical data to appeal to consumers
    • Glittering Generalities: making promises without delivering results
    • Emotional Appeal: appealing to consumers' emotions, such as fear, love, or nostalgia

Boycotts

  • A boycott is a decision by consumers to stop buying a product or service to bring about change
  • Boycotts are effective because if producers are not making a profit, they will be encouraged to change their practices

Social Programs

  • Social programs are services provided by the government to reduce economic inequality and promote citizen well-being
  • Example of a Social Program in Canada: Healthcare
  • Social Programs differ in Canada vs the USA: Canada has more social programs, while the USA has fewer due to its market-oriented approach

Canada's Health Care System

  • 5 Principles of Canada's Health Care System:
    • Publicly administered: not for profit
    • Comprehensive: covering hospitals, physicians, and surgeons
    • Universal: for all Canadian residents
    • Portable: available throughout Canada
    • Accessible: available within reasonable time and distance

Privatization of Social Programs

  • Privatization means individuals are responsible for their own needs, rather than relying on government-funded programs

Social Programs and Taxes

  • Social programs are funded by taxes
  • Tax money goes towards community development and social programs
  • Taxes come from:
    • Property Tax: based on the value of a home and location
    • Income Tax: based on earnings from a job
    • Sales Tax: based on products and services purchased

Levels of Government and Taxes

  • All levels of government collect taxes

Provincial Social Programs

  • Some Social Programs are controlled by the province rather than the federal government

Transfer Payments

  • Transfer payments occur when provinces give other provinces money due to financial needs

Flat Tax Rate vs Progressive Tax Rate

  • Flat Tax Rate: a constant tax percentage for all taxable amounts
  • Progressive Tax Rate: a tax rate that increases as the taxable amount increases

Underground Economy and Tax Evasion

  • Underground Economy: illegal economic transactions
  • Tax Evasion: avoiding taxes by not reporting income
  • These activities negatively affect social programs by reducing government revenue

Political Platform

  • A political platform outlines a party's beliefs and values
  • Political platforms affect taxation and social programs, depending on whether the party is left- or right-leaning

Economic Spectrum and Political Parties

  • Canadian and American political parties fall on the economic spectrum, influencing their views on social programs and taxation
  • Left-leaning parties tend to increase taxes and social programs, while right-leaning parties tend to decrease taxes and social programs

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Learn about Canada's constitutional monarchy, the three branches of government, and the roles of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches.

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