Canada's Approach to Combatting AMR
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Questions and Answers

What is the main impact of antibiotic resistance on global health?

  • Improved effectiveness of current antibiotics
  • Greater burden on healthcare systems worldwide (correct)
  • Increased mortality rates in developed countries
  • Decreased life expectancy in developing countries

    • In the context of antibiotic resistance, what role do mutated transpeptidases play in bacteria?

  • They accelerate the cell wall synthesis process
  • They bind to beta-lactam antibiotics with higher affinity
  • They maintain enzymatic activity for cell wall synthesis (correct)
  • They deactivate beta-lactam antibiotics

    • How does antibiotic resistance impact food security?

  • It has no direct effect on food security
  • It makes foodborne illnesses easier to treat
  • It leads to increased crop yields due to reduced antibiotic use
  • It results in decreased food production efficiency (correct)

    • What effect does overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals have on antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Accelerates the natural occurrence of antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would the unavailability of antibiotics impact childbirth and chemotherapy?

    <p>Increase the risk associated with childbirth and chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predicted annual death toll by 2050 due to AMR?

    <p>10 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the financial impact of AMR in 2050 compare to other health crises like AIDS, Cancer, or COVID-19?

    <p>Higher impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a renewed interest in decreasing antibiotic use in agriculture?

    <p>To prevent the development of ABR bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main concerns consumers have regarding AMR bacteria?

    <p>Increased difficulty in treating infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have antimicrobials been essential for ensuring human health and the health of our food supply?

    <p>To maintain agricultural productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the effects of using antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broilers?

    <p>Increased body weight by 8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mortality rate in chickens raised without antibiotics compare to conventionally raised broilers?

    <p>Higher by 2.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one environmental concern associated with raising no-antibiotics birds?

    <p>Increased field and water requirement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the WHO's five-pronged approach to combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

    <p>Promoting the use of antibiotic growth promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have on pig growth rate?

    <p>Increase by 4.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic was found to increase the rate at which poultry gained weight in the 1940s?

    <p>Aureomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year were Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) licensed in the USA?

    <p>1951</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin by 1998?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are most chickens in North America fed today as per the text?

    <p>Bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is prophylactically administered to most dairy cattle every lactation?

    <p>Ceftiofur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind banning the use of ceftiofur in hatchlings in the poultry industry in 2014?

    <p>To combat the detection of Salmonella and E.coli resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Virginiamycin play in conferring resistance to Synercid?

    <p>Virginiamycin acetyltransferases confer resistance to Synercid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of MCR-1 in terms of antibiotic resistance?

    <p>MCR-1 confers resistance to colistin and bacitracin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice was suggested as an alternative to replacing antibiotics in the context of food security?

    <p>Introducing bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do antagonistic inter-bacterial interactions impact antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key components of Canada's approach to combatting AMR?

    <p>Surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Canada aim to conserve the effectiveness of existing antibiotic treatments?

    <p>Through education and awareness programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Canada do to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials?

    <p>Categorizing antibiotics based on their importance to human medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Canada's innovation approach in combatting AMR?

    <p>Developing new solutions to counteract the loss in antimicrobial effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is categorizing antibiotics based on their importance in human medicine important in Canada's approach to AMR stewardship?

    <p>To prioritize risk management options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Mutation in beta-lactamase genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antibiotic resistance impact economic development?

    <p>It increases the cost of healthcare due to prolonged illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic resistance on global health?

    <p>Increased mortality rates from resistant infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) play in antibiotic resistance?

    <p>They can be altered to reduce antibiotic binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antibiotic resistance impact food security?

    <p>It increases the prevalence of resistant bacteria in livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the spread of beta-lactamase genes among bacteria?

    <p>Horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of antibiotic resistance on antimicrobial treatment effectiveness?

    <p>Increased reliance on older, less effective antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does antibiotic resistance impact global health security?

    <p>It increases vulnerability to infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the misuse and overuse of antibiotics a significant contributor to antibiotic resistance?

    <p>It selects for genetic mutations that confer resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does antibiotic resistance impact sustainable agriculture?

    <p>It reduces soil health and fertility over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Global Health

    • Antibiotic resistance (AMR) threatens global health, potentially leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
    • The predicted annual death toll due to AMR could reach 10 million by 2050.
    • Economic tolls of AMR in 2050 may surpass those of health crises like AIDS, Cancer, or COVID-19.

    Role of Mutated Transpeptidases in Bacteria

    • Mutated transpeptidases contribute to bacterial resistance by altering the enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis.

    Impact on Food Security

    • AMR threatens food security by complicating treatment for infections in livestock, potentially leading to increased illness or death in animal populations.

    Overuse of Antibiotics

    • Overuse in humans and animals accelerates the development of antibiotic resistance.
    • Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) used in agriculture can enhance bacterial resistance.

    Unavailability of Antibiotics in Medical Procedures

    • Lack of effective antibiotics could jeopardize safe childbirth and the viability of chemotherapy, increasing risks during surgical procedures and cancer treatment.

    Financial Impact of AMR

    • By 2050, AMR's financial impact is expected to be immense, overshadowing costs associated with other health crises.

    Renewed Interest in Agriculture

    • There is a renewed focus on decreasing antibiotic use in agriculture due to rising public concern regarding AMR and consumer health.

    Consumer Concerns Regarding AMR

    • Consumers are increasingly worried about the presence and spread of AMR bacteria through food sources.

    Importance of Antimicrobials

    • Antimicrobials are crucial for maintaining human health and ensuring the safety and productivity of the food supply.

    Use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) in Broilers

    • AGPs have been shown to promote growth in chicken production but raise concerns about long-term resistance.

    Mortality Rates in Chickens

    • Mortality rates in chickens raised without antibiotics can be higher compared to conventionally raised broilers.

    Environmental Concerns

    • Raising no-antibiotics birds can pose environmental challenges, potentially affecting biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

    WHO's Approach to Combatting AMR

    • One option listed is NOT part of the WHO’s five-pronged strategy to combat AMR.

    AGPs and Pig Growth

    • AGPs can significantly enhance growth rates in pigs, raising concerns about resistance.

    Historical Context of Antibiotics

    • The antibiotic tetracycline was linked to increased poultry weight gain starting in the 1940s.

    Licensing of AGPs in the USA

    • Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) were licensed for use in the USA in the 1990s.

    Resistance to Penicillin

    • By 1998, approximately 90% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin.

    Current Chicken Feed Practices

    • Most chickens in North America are currently fed a diet that includes low levels of antibiotics.

    Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Dairy Cattle

    • Most dairy cattle receive a different antibiotic every lactation for preventive measures.

    Ceftiofur Ban Reasoning

    • Ceftiofur was banned in hatchlings in 2014 due to its contribution to resistance patterns in avian bacteria.

    Virginiamycin and Synercid Resistance

    • Virginiamycin plays a role in conferring resistance to the antibiotic Synercid.

    MCR-1 Significance

    • The gene MCR-1 is crucial as it allows bacteria to resist colistin, an important last-resort antibiotic.

    Alternatives to Antibiotics in Food Security

    • Suggested practices include enhancing animal welfare and adopting improved management techniques to replace antibiotics.

    Impact of Antagonistic Inter-bacterial Interactions

    • Negative interactions among bacteria can influence the transfer and expression of antibiotic resistance traits.

    Canada’s Approach to AMR

    • Canada emphasizes a multifaceted strategy incorporating surveillance, research, and stewardship to combat AMR.

    Conservation of Antibiotic Effectiveness

    • Efforts include monitoring resistance patterns and implementing guidelines for intermittent therapies.

    Encouraging Prudent Use of Antimicrobials

    • Canada promotes responsible prescribing practices and educates healthcare providers regarding antimicrobial use.

    Focus of Innovation

    • Canadian innovations focus on developing new antibiotics and alternatives to enhance treatment options against resistant bacteria.

    Categorization of Antibiotics

    • Categorizing antibiotics by importance helps prioritize usage in human medicine, guiding AMR management strategies.

    Mechanism of Beta-lactam Resistance

    • Bacteria develop resistance primarily through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes that deactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.

    Economic Development and Antibiotic Resistance

    • AMR hampers economic development due to increased healthcare costs, reduced workforce productivity, and higher mortality rates.

    Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

    • A direct result of antibiotic resistance is decreased effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments, complicating infections.

    Impact on Global Health Security

    • AMR poses threats to global health security by undermining the ability to treat common infections effectively.

    Misuse and Overuse Contributions

    • Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine are significant contributors to the rise of antibiotic resistance.

    Sustainable Agriculture Impacts

    • Antibiotic resistance threatens sustainable agriculture by making it difficult to control diseases in livestock and compromising food safety.

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    Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) PDF

    Description

    Learn about Canada's three-pronged approach to combatting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which includes surveillance, stewardship, and innovation. Discover how Canada is detecting and monitoring trends, conserving the effectiveness of treatments, and creating new solutions to address AMR.

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