Canada's Approach to Combatting AMR

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Questions and Answers

What is the main impact of antibiotic resistance on global health?

Improved effectiveness of current antibiotics

Greater burden on healthcare systems worldwide (correct)

Increased mortality rates in developed countries

Decreased life expectancy in developing countries

In the context of antibiotic resistance, what role do mutated transpeptidases play in bacteria?

They accelerate the cell wall synthesis process

They bind to beta-lactam antibiotics with higher affinity

They maintain enzymatic activity for cell wall synthesis (correct)

They deactivate beta-lactam antibiotics

How does antibiotic resistance impact food security?

It has no direct effect on food security

It makes foodborne illnesses easier to treat

It leads to increased crop yields due to reduced antibiotic use

It results in decreased food production efficiency (correct)

What effect does overuse of antibiotics in humans and animals have on antibiotic resistance?

Accelerates the natural occurrence of antibiotic resistance Signup and view all the answers

How would the unavailability of antibiotics impact childbirth and chemotherapy?

Increase the risk associated with childbirth and chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the predicted annual death toll by 2050 due to AMR?

10 million Signup and view all the answers

How does the financial impact of AMR in 2050 compare to other health crises like AIDS, Cancer, or COVID-19?

Higher impact Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a renewed interest in decreasing antibiotic use in agriculture?

To prevent the development of ABR bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns consumers have regarding AMR bacteria?

Increased difficulty in treating infections Signup and view all the answers

Why have antimicrobials been essential for ensuring human health and the health of our food supply?

To maintain agricultural productivity Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the effects of using antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broilers?

Increased body weight by 8% Signup and view all the answers

How does the mortality rate in chickens raised without antibiotics compare to conventionally raised broilers?

Higher by 2.9% Signup and view all the answers

What is one environmental concern associated with raising no-antibiotics birds?

Increased field and water requirement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the WHO's five-pronged approach to combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

Promoting the use of antibiotic growth promoters Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have on pig growth rate?

Increase by 4.2% Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic was found to increase the rate at which poultry gained weight in the 1940s?

Aureomycin Signup and view all the answers

In what year were Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) licensed in the USA?

1951 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin by 1998?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What are most chickens in North America fed today as per the text?

Bacitracin Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is prophylactically administered to most dairy cattle every lactation?

Ceftiofur Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason behind banning the use of ceftiofur in hatchlings in the poultry industry in 2014?

To combat the detection of Salmonella and E.coli resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What role does Virginiamycin play in conferring resistance to Synercid?

Virginiamycin acetyltransferases confer resistance to Synercid Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of MCR-1 in terms of antibiotic resistance?

MCR-1 confers resistance to colistin and bacitracin Signup and view all the answers

Which practice was suggested as an alternative to replacing antibiotics in the context of food security?

Introducing bacteriophages Signup and view all the answers

In what way do antagonistic inter-bacterial interactions impact antibiotic resistance?

They promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key components of Canada's approach to combatting AMR?

Surveillance Signup and view all the answers

How does Canada aim to conserve the effectiveness of existing antibiotic treatments?

Through education and awareness programs Signup and view all the answers

What does Canada do to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials?

Categorizing antibiotics based on their importance to human medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Canada's innovation approach in combatting AMR?

Developing new solutions to counteract the loss in antimicrobial effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

Why is categorizing antibiotics based on their importance in human medicine important in Canada's approach to AMR stewardship?

To prioritize risk management options Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?

Mutation in beta-lactamase genes Signup and view all the answers

How does antibiotic resistance impact economic development?

It increases the cost of healthcare due to prolonged illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic resistance on global health?

Increased mortality rates from resistant infections Signup and view all the answers

What role do Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) play in antibiotic resistance?

They can be altered to reduce antibiotic binding Signup and view all the answers

How does antibiotic resistance impact food security?

It increases the prevalence of resistant bacteria in livestock Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the spread of beta-lactamase genes among bacteria?

Horizontal gene transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of antibiotic resistance on antimicrobial treatment effectiveness?

Increased reliance on older, less effective antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

How does antibiotic resistance impact global health security?

It increases vulnerability to infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Why is the misuse and overuse of antibiotics a significant contributor to antibiotic resistance?

It selects for genetic mutations that confer resistance Signup and view all the answers

In what way does antibiotic resistance impact sustainable agriculture?

It reduces soil health and fertility over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Global Health

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) threatens global health, potentially leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
The predicted annual death toll due to AMR could reach 10 million by 2050.
Economic tolls of AMR in 2050 may surpass those of health crises like AIDS, Cancer, or COVID-19.

Role of Mutated Transpeptidases in Bacteria

Mutated transpeptidases contribute to bacterial resistance by altering the enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis.

Impact on Food Security

AMR threatens food security by complicating treatment for infections in livestock, potentially leading to increased illness or death in animal populations.

Overuse of Antibiotics

Overuse in humans and animals accelerates the development of antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) used in agriculture can enhance bacterial resistance.

Unavailability of Antibiotics in Medical Procedures

Lack of effective antibiotics could jeopardize safe childbirth and the viability of chemotherapy, increasing risks during surgical procedures and cancer treatment.

Financial Impact of AMR

By 2050, AMR's financial impact is expected to be immense, overshadowing costs associated with other health crises.

Renewed Interest in Agriculture

There is a renewed focus on decreasing antibiotic use in agriculture due to rising public concern regarding AMR and consumer health.

Consumer Concerns Regarding AMR

Consumers are increasingly worried about the presence and spread of AMR bacteria through food sources.

Importance of Antimicrobials

Antimicrobials are crucial for maintaining human health and ensuring the safety and productivity of the food supply.

Use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) in Broilers

AGPs have been shown to promote growth in chicken production but raise concerns about long-term resistance.

Mortality Rates in Chickens

Mortality rates in chickens raised without antibiotics can be higher compared to conventionally raised broilers.

Environmental Concerns

Raising no-antibiotics birds can pose environmental challenges, potentially affecting biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

WHO's Approach to Combatting AMR

One option listed is NOT part of the WHO’s five-pronged strategy to combat AMR.

AGPs and Pig Growth

AGPs can significantly enhance growth rates in pigs, raising concerns about resistance.

Historical Context of Antibiotics

The antibiotic tetracycline was linked to increased poultry weight gain starting in the 1940s.

Licensing of AGPs in the USA

Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) were licensed for use in the USA in the 1990s.

Resistance to Penicillin

By 1998, approximately 90% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin.

Current Chicken Feed Practices

Most chickens in North America are currently fed a diet that includes low levels of antibiotics.

Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Dairy Cattle

Most dairy cattle receive a different antibiotic every lactation for preventive measures.

Ceftiofur Ban Reasoning

Ceftiofur was banned in hatchlings in 2014 due to its contribution to resistance patterns in avian bacteria.

Virginiamycin and Synercid Resistance

Virginiamycin plays a role in conferring resistance to the antibiotic Synercid.

MCR-1 Significance

The gene MCR-1 is crucial as it allows bacteria to resist colistin, an important last-resort antibiotic.

Alternatives to Antibiotics in Food Security

Suggested practices include enhancing animal welfare and adopting improved management techniques to replace antibiotics.

Impact of Antagonistic Inter-bacterial Interactions

Negative interactions among bacteria can influence the transfer and expression of antibiotic resistance traits.

Canada’s Approach to AMR

Canada emphasizes a multifaceted strategy incorporating surveillance, research, and stewardship to combat AMR.

Conservation of Antibiotic Effectiveness

Efforts include monitoring resistance patterns and implementing guidelines for intermittent therapies.

Encouraging Prudent Use of Antimicrobials

Canada promotes responsible prescribing practices and educates healthcare providers regarding antimicrobial use.

Focus of Innovation

Canadian innovations focus on developing new antibiotics and alternatives to enhance treatment options against resistant bacteria.

Categorization of Antibiotics

Categorizing antibiotics by importance helps prioritize usage in human medicine, guiding AMR management strategies.

Mechanism of Beta-lactam Resistance

Bacteria develop resistance primarily through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes that deactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.

Economic Development and Antibiotic Resistance

AMR hampers economic development due to increased healthcare costs, reduced workforce productivity, and higher mortality rates.

Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

A direct result of antibiotic resistance is decreased effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments, complicating infections.

Impact on Global Health Security

AMR poses threats to global health security by undermining the ability to treat common infections effectively.

Misuse and Overuse Contributions

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine are significant contributors to the rise of antibiotic resistance.

Sustainable Agriculture Impacts

Antibiotic resistance threatens sustainable agriculture by making it difficult to control diseases in livestock and compromising food safety.

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Description

Learn about Canada's three-pronged approach to combatting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which includes surveillance, stewardship, and innovation. Discover how Canada is detecting and monitoring trends, conserving the effectiveness of treatments, and creating new solutions to address AMR.