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Questions and Answers
Which of the following activities requires additional authorization for pharmacists?
What is considered personal information under the relevant laws?
Which of the following is NOT a reason that could lead to a pharmacist encountering the regulatory system?
What information is generally available to the public regarding regulated members?
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Which of the following acts allows public bodies in Alberta to collect personal information?
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What is the primary role of the Canada Drug Agency?
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Which organization is focused on improving patient safety and health service quality in Alberta?
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In which setting do pharmacists primarily work within a hospital?
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What type of evaluations can physicians request from the Health Quality Council of Alberta?
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Which of the following is a common responsibility of clinical pharmacy in hospitals?
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Which organization represents pharmacy technicians in Canada?
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What is NOT a responsibility of the Canada Drug Agency?
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What contributes to medication quality and safety in hospitals according to the clinical pharmacy role?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of negotiation?
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What is the primary focus of distributive negotiation?
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Which term refers to the least favorable point at which one will accept a deal?
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What does BATNA stand for in the context of negotiation?
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In principled negotiation, why is it essential to separate people from the problem?
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What is the purpose of giving your negotiation partner several options?
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What does ZOPA stand for in negotiation terms?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of positional negotiation?
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What is a requirement for a patient to be eligible for assisted dying (MAID)?
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What must be documented for a patient's request for MAID to be valid?
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What is NOT a responsibility of pharmacists regarding MAID?
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What safeguard must a pharmacist follow when dispensing MAID medications?
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What does the MARS scale evaluate in mobile applications?
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What aspect of MAID is currently under government consideration for future developments?
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Which of the following activities is considered appropriate virtual care?
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What are the eligibility criteria for medical assistance in dying (MAID) in Canada?
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Which of the following scenarios is NOT an example of appropriate virtual care?
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What does medical assistance in dying NOT include?
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Which of the following mobile app rating criteria is influenced by personal opinion?
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What is a common misconception regarding virtual care?
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Which of the following statements about virtual care is true?
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Study Notes
Canada Drug Agency
- Independent from the government, but funded by both federal and provincial governments.
- Provides objective evidence to support informed decisions regarding drugs, diagnostic tests, medical/dental, and surgical procedures.
- Provinces have the option of including or excluding drugs from their formularies; this is not mandatory.
- Conducts reimbursement reviews to determine public drug plan listings, reimbursement recommendations, and pharmacoeconomic evaluations.
Health Quality Council of Alberta
- Mandated to promote and improve patient safety, person-centered care, and health service quality in Alberta.
- Conducts surveys among Albertans to assess safety and quality.
- Focuses on system performance, rather than individual complaints.
- Offers evaluations of physician performance compared to peers and patient satisfaction.
Pharmacy Organizations
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National:
- Canadian Pharmacists Association
- The Indigenous Pharmacy Professionals of Canada
- Neighbourhood Pharmacy Professionals of Canada
- Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists
- Canadian Association of Pharmacy Technicians
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Alberta:
- Alberta Pharmacists Association (RxA)
- Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists – Alberta branch
- Pharmacy Technician Society of Alberta
Hospital Pharmacists
- Primarily work clinically on patient care units in a team setting.
- Common work areas include critical care, surgery, medicine, transplant, cardiology, psychiatry, and oncology.
- Large hospitals operate 24/7.
- Typically spend 3 weeks out of 4 on clinical duties and 1 week on distribution work (e.g., dispensary, TPN).
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Clinical pharmacy contributions:
- Expertise on appropriate drug therapy and management.
- Education about appropriate drug use.
- Promotion of medication quality and safety.
- Active participation in key medication-related organizational priorities (e.g., backorders and shortages).
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Other Roles:
- Medication and safety team (e.g., accreditation, good catch reporting, high-alert medications, hazardous medication handling, infusion pumps, standardized medication concentrations).
Constructive Negotiations
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Characteristics of negotiation:
- Involves two or more parties.
- Aims for a better outcome through negotiation.
- Focuses on achieving a mutual agreement with give-and-take.
- Includes tangible and intangible components.
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Types of negotiation:
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Positional/distributive negotiation:
- Competitive, win-lose approach.
- Focuses on claiming value.
- Negotiators' goals are in conflict, relationships are not important, and resources are limited.
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Disadvantages:
- May lead to unwise agreements that do not meet needs.
- Inefficient, as extreme positions can extend negotiations, increase concessions, and hinder reaching a settlement.
- Can damage relationships.
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Hard vs. soft negotiators:
- Hard negotiators: push for their position forcefully.
- Soft negotiators: prioritize building relationships.
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BATNA (Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement):
- "Plan B", represents the outcome if negotiations fail.
- Determines negotiation power.
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Reservation Value:
- Walk-away price, the least favorable point at which you would accept a deal.
- Prevents accepting bad deals.
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Aspiration Value:
- Goal for the negotiation, must be reasonable and optimistic.
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Zone of Possible Agreement (ZOPA):
- Bargaining zone where the buyer and seller's expectations overlap.
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Principle negotiation:
- Addresses multiple issues simultaneously, promoting creativity and solutions for complex issues.
- Provides multiple options to the partner, ensuring an optimal outcome and encouraging cooperation.
- Fosters a trusting and cooperative environment.
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Positional/distributive negotiation:
Principled Negotiation Process
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Key elements:
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Separate people from the problem:
- Address people problems upfront.
- Avoid assumptions and blame.
- Ensure everyone has a stake in the outcome.
- Use active listening.
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Focus on interests, not positions:
- Understand the underlying needs and desires of each party.
- Explore common ground and identify shared goals.
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Generate options for mutual gain:
- Brainstorm creative solutions.
- Expand the pie to find win-win situations.
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Insist on using objective criteria:
- Base decisions on fair and impartial standards.
- Establish clear and measurable benchmarks.
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Know your BATNA:
- Determine your best alternative if negotiations fail.
- This gives you negotiation power and a clear understanding of your limits.
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Separate people from the problem:
Pharmacy Regulation
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Provisional Pharmacist title protection:
- Includes titles such as pharmacy intern and pharmacist intern.
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Student Pharmacist title protection:
- Includes titles such as pharmacy student and pharmacist student.
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Restricted Activities:
- Defined activities requiring specific authorization, such as dispensing, compounding, selling/providing Schedule 1 or 2 drugs, compounding blood products, prescribing, adapting, and administering injections.
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Compliance Audits and Practice Visits:
- Conducted by the regulatory college to ensure compliance with standards.
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Incapacity Assessments:
- Complaints director can request examinations (medical or psychological tests) in cases of suspected incapacity.
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Access to Regulated Member Information:
- Publicly available information on the college website (e.g., name, location, APA).
- Discipline information, hearing information, and hearing tribunal decisions are available for 10 years.
- Information regarding sexual misconduct is posted indefinitely.
Actions Leading to Regulatory Encounters
- **Good Character and Reputation**: Maintaining ethical behaviour and professional conduct.
- **Professional Liability Insurance**: Protecting against financial losses due to malpractice or negligence.
- **Continuing Competence Program Compliance**: Engaging in ongoing professional development activities.
- **Breach of Standards of Practice**: Violating the established guidelines for pharmacy practice.
- **Drug Diversion**: Misusing or diverting prescription drugs for personal or unauthorized purposes.
- **Record Keeping and Insurance Claims**: Accurate documentation of patient information and insurance claims.
Privacy Law
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Health information encompasses any information relating to an individual's physical or mental health, including:
- medical history, diagnoses, treatments, medications, laboratory results, and other health-related data.
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Legislation governing health information:
- Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPPA): Applies to public bodies in Alberta, regulating the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information.
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Distinguishing Health Information and Medical Records:
- Health information is a broader term encompassing any data related to an individual's health.
- Medical records are a specific type of health information that documents a patient's interactions with healthcare providers.
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Distinguishing Health Information from Other Personal Information:
- Personal information includes any information about an identifiable individual (e.g., name, address, race, age, employment history).
- Health information is a specific category of personal information focusing on an individual's health status.
Virtual Care
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Definition:
- Any interaction involving patients and/or their care providers occurring remotely using communication or information technologies to enhance patient care quality and effectiveness.
- Includes phone calls, video conferencing, mobile applications, and electronic communication (real-time or asynchronous).
- Providing restricted activities and professional services virtually is considered virtual care.
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Virtual care examples:
- Assessment for prescribing and dispensing.
- Performing follow-ups on efficacy or side effects.
- Not considered virtual care: Phoning a patient to schedule an appointment.
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Appropriate uses of virtual care:
- Assessing and treating mental health issues, skin problems, urinary, sinus, and minor skin infections.
- Providing sexual health care, including STI screening and treatment, and hormonal contraception.
- Serving as a resource for travel medicine.
- Reviewing lab, imaging, and specialist reports with patients.
- Assessing and treating conditions monitored via home devices or lab tests.
- Conducting assessments that do not require palpation or auscultation.
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Inappropriate uses of virtual care:
- Emergency situations requiring immediate medical attention (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain, neurological loss, ear pain, cough, GI symptoms, musculoskeletal injuries).
- Situations requiring physical examinations.
Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)
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Legal framework:
- Amended Criminal Code defines MAID as administering a substance at a person's request that causes their death or providing a substance at a person's request enabling self-administration leading to death.
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Eligibility Criteria:
- Must be eligible for government-funded healthcare in Canada.
- Must be at least 18 years old.
- Must have a serious and incurable illness, disease, or disability.
- Must be in an advanced state of irreversible decline in capability.
- Must be experiencing enduring physical or psychological suffering that is intolerable and cannot be relieved by treatment.
- Mental illness is specifically excluded as a qualifying condition.
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Process:
- Request must be in writing and voluntary.
- Individual must have capacity to provide informed consent.
- Expressed informed consent is required, with all forms signed by the patient.
- An independent witness must sign the requests.
- Patient has the right to withdraw their request at any time.
- Safeguards are applied depending on whether natural death is reasonably foreseeable.
- Pharmacists can compound or dispense medications for MAID while complying with the requirements.
- Pharmacists cannot prescribe drugs for MAID; they can only dispense drugs for MAID from a list developed and maintained by the ACP.
- Pharmacists must report required information to the ACP.
- Patients can choose to self-administer the medication.
- A practitioner may be present if desired to oversee self-administration and handle potential complications.
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Key points:
- No one is obligated to assist with MAID; if unwilling, the practitioner or pharmacist must notify their employer.
- Pharmacists cannot prescribe MAID medication but can dispense it from an ACP-approved list.
- Pharmacists must report relevant information about MAID to the ACP.
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Future developments:
- Government considering extending eligibility to mature minors.
- Considering allowing advance requests for MAID.
- Exploring the potential inclusion of mental health conditions as qualifying criteria.
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Description
This quiz explores the roles and responsibilities of the Canada Drug Agency and the Health Quality Council of Alberta. Participants will learn about drug evaluation processes, patient safety initiatives, and the impact of pharmacy organizations in Canada. Test your knowledge on these critical health governance structures!
