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Study Notes

In the anatomical position, the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the feet flat on the floor and arms at the sides, palms forward.
This position is used as a reference point for describing the location of body parts.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions. A median plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
Oblique Plane: Any plane that is not parallel to one of the three main planes.

Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body.
Inferior: Toward the feet or lower part of the body.
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body.
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body.
Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
Distal: Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
Superficial: Toward or at the body surface.
Deep: Away from the body surface.
Internal: Deep inside the organ/body.
External: Surface/outside the organ/body.
Palmar: Relating to the palm of the hand.
Plantar: Relating to the sole/bottom of the foot.
Cranial: Toward the head.
Caudal: Toward the tail.

Bone Types: Long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular .
Long bones(e.g. , Femur): Composed of a body and two ends (epiphyses). The body contains a medullary canal.
Flat bones (e.g. , Cranial bones): Composed of two plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone. The diploe is the spongy bone layer .
Short bones(e.g wrist bones): Composed of a layer of compact bone surrounding spongy tissue.
Joints: Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Fibrous Joints: Immovable or slightly movable. Examples are sutures.
Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable. Examples include synchondroses and symphyses.
Synovial Joints: Freely movable. Include different shapes (e.g., plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket) allowing diverse movements.
Joint Structure: Include articular surfaces, cartilage, and synovial membrane.
Ligaments: Bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones, limiting the movement of joints.
Tendons: Bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, allowing muscle actions.
Joint Capsule: Fibrous tissue surrounding the joint.

Types of Muscles: Muscles are categorized based on their shape, direction of fibers, location, action and other factors.
Muscle Attachments: Origin and insertion, where they attach to bones.
Muscle Types: Include unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and others.
Muscle Action: Their role in producing movement.
Types of Muscle Contractions: Concentric (muscle shortens), eccentric (muscle lengthens) and isometric (muscle doesn't change length).

The information provided is a summary and may not cover all aspects of the subject. Refer to more comprehensive resources for detailed study.
Consistent use of anatomical terminology and positions helps with accurate description of structures and relationships within the body.