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General Anatomy

• This is a study of human anatomy.
• The study is done through various views and planes.
• Key anatomical positions are used for reference.

Anatomical Position

• In the anatomical position, the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the feet flat on the floor and arms at the sides, palms forward.
• This position is used as a reference point for describing the location of body parts.

Anatomical Planes

• Frontal (Coronal) Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
• Sagittal Plane: A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions. A median plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.
• Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions.
• Oblique Plane: Any plane that is not parallel to one of the three main planes.

Directional Terms

• Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body.
• Inferior: Toward the feet or lower part of the body.
• Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body.
• Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body.
• Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
• Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
• Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
• Distal: Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment.
• Superficial: Toward or at the body surface.
• Deep: Away from the body surface.
• Internal: Deep inside the organ/body.
• External: Surface/outside the organ/body.
• Palmar: Relating to the palm of the hand.
• Plantar: Relating to the sole/bottom of the foot.
• Cranial: Toward the head.
• Caudal: Toward the tail.

Movement Terms

• Abduction: Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
• Adduction: Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
• Flexion: Bending a joint.
• Extension: Straightening a joint.
• Rotation: Movement around a central axis.
• Medial Rotation: Rotation toward the midline.
• Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
• Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion.
• Protraction: Movement of a part forward.
• Retraction: Movement of a part backward.
• Elevation: Movement of a part upward.
• Depression: Movement of a part downward.
• Supination: Turning the palm of the hand upward.
• Pronation: Turning the palm of the hand downward.
• Opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the other fingers.
• Reposition: Return of the thumb to its anatomical position.

Bones and Joints

• Bone Types: Long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular .

• Long bones(e.g. , Femur): Composed of a body and two ends (epiphyses). The body contains a medullary canal.

• Flat bones (e.g. , Cranial bones): Composed of two plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone. The diploe is the spongy bone layer .

• Short bones(e.g wrist bones): Composed of a layer of compact bone surrounding spongy tissue.

• Joints: Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

• Fibrous Joints: Immovable or slightly movable. Examples are sutures.

• Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable. Examples include synchondroses and symphyses.

• Synovial Joints: Freely movable. Include different shapes (e.g., plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket) allowing diverse movements.

• Joint Structure: Include articular surfaces, cartilage, and synovial membrane.

• Ligaments: Bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones, limiting the movement of joints.

• Tendons: Bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones, allowing muscle actions.

• Joint Capsule: Fibrous tissue surrounding the joint.

Muscles

• Types of Muscles: Muscles are categorized based on their shape, direction of fibers, location, action and other factors.
• Muscle Attachments: Origin and insertion, where they attach to bones.
• Muscle Types: Include unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, and others.
• Muscle Action: Their role in producing movement.
• Types of Muscle Contractions: Concentric (muscle shortens), eccentric (muscle lengthens) and isometric (muscle doesn't change length).

Other Topics

• Thoracic Cage: The framework of the chest, including ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
• Abdominal Regions: The nine regions of the abdomen used for anatomical reference.
• Oral Cavity: The mouth, including the vestibule and mouth cavity.
• Muscles of Facial Expression: Involved in facial expressions.
• Muscles of Mastication: Involved in chewing.
• Muscles of the Neck: Support and move the head and neck.
• Upper Limb: Includes shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand.
• Lower Limb: Includes the hip, thigh, leg, and foot.
• Head Anatomy: Includes cranium (skull), face.

Additional Points

• The information provided is a summary and may not cover all aspects of the subject. Refer to more comprehensive resources for detailed study.
• Consistent use of anatomical terminology and positions helps with accurate description of structures and relationships within the body.