Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of CamScanner?
What is the primary function of CamScanner?
To scan documents and convert them into digital formats.
How can CamScanner enhance productivity for users?
How can CamScanner enhance productivity for users?
By allowing users to quickly scan, store, and share documents from their smartphones.
What types of documents is CamScanner commonly used to scan?
What types of documents is CamScanner commonly used to scan?
Receipts, contracts, notes, and any other paper documents.
Mention one key feature of CamScanner that benefits its users.
Mention one key feature of CamScanner that benefits its users.
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Describe a potential privacy concern when using CamScanner.
Describe a potential privacy concern when using CamScanner.
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Describe the zoonotic importance of Brucella in humans.
Describe the zoonotic importance of Brucella in humans.
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What are the specific bacterial causes of abortion in animals mentioned in the lecture?
What are the specific bacterial causes of abortion in animals mentioned in the lecture?
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What is a significant consequence of Brucella infection in cattle highlighted in the lecture?
What is a significant consequence of Brucella infection in cattle highlighted in the lecture?
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List two non-specific causes of abortion in animals described in the content.
List two non-specific causes of abortion in animals described in the content.
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What is the primary method of transmission of Brucella to humans?
What is the primary method of transmission of Brucella to humans?
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What are some common clinical signs of Brucella Abours in cattle?
What are some common clinical signs of Brucella Abours in cattle?
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Describe the purpose of the Rose Bengal test in diagnosing Brucella infections.
Describe the purpose of the Rose Bengal test in diagnosing Brucella infections.
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What is a disadvantage of the tube agglutination test for serological diagnosis of Brucella?
What is a disadvantage of the tube agglutination test for serological diagnosis of Brucella?
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What lesions are associated with Brucella infections in affected animals?
What lesions are associated with Brucella infections in affected animals?
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How is animal inoculation performed during the diagnosis of Brucella infections?
How is animal inoculation performed during the diagnosis of Brucella infections?
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Study Notes
CamScanner's Core Function
- CamScanner functions as a mobile document scanner, enabling users to digitize paper documents using their smartphone cameras.
Productivity Enhancement
- CamScanner streamlines workflow by providing efficient document scanning, saving time and effort compared to traditional scanning methods.
- Features like document editing, organization, and sharing facilitate smoother collaboration and data management, improving overall productivity.
Key Feature: OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
- CamScanner's OCR feature converts scanned images into editable text, making it easier to search, edit, and repurpose document content.
Common Document Types
- CamScanner is widely used for scanning various documents such as receipts, invoices, business cards, whiteboards, notes, and educational materials.
Privacy Concerns
- A primary privacy concern with CamScanner revolves around potential data security vulnerabilities, raising questions about the handling and storage of sensitive information scanned by the app.
Abortion
- Premature expulsion of fetus
- Stillbirth: Fetus dies 2-3 days after birth
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Specific Causes:
- Bacterial Infections: Brucella, Leptospira, Listeria, Vibriosis, Salmonella
- Parasitic Infections: Trichomoniasis, Toxoplasma
- Mycotic Infections: Aspergillosis
- Viral Infections: BVD, IBR, RF, Acaban
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Non-Specific Causes:
- Genetic Factors
- Trauma, especially open systems
- Fever, Heat Stress
- Toxic Materials: Mycotoxins in Silage
- Drugs: Parasympathetic drugs, Cortisone, PGF2, Oxytocin
- Live Vaccines
Brucella
- Also known as Bangs disease or Contagious Abortion
- Highly contagious disease transmitted through direct and indirect contact
- Characterized by late-stage abortion (calf drop) in cattle
- Orchitis and epididymitis in males
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Importance:
- Zoonotic: Transmitted to humans through mucous membranes or conjunctiva, ingestion of raw or unpasteurized milk (dies at 60°C), not transmitted by meat.
- Can cause late-stage abortion (calf drop), occurring only once in a cow's life, followed by stillbirth.
- Can lead to the death of the animal due to retained placenta and toxemia.
Clinical Signs
- Cattle:
- Storm of abortion: 80-90% of animals get Brucella abortions.
- Sporadic abortion: Occurs 2-3 months into gestation in case of Melitensis.
- Retention of placenta.
- Orchitis and epididymitis in males.
- Hygroma of knee joints.
- Sheep and Goats:
- Abortion after 3 months.
- Orchitis and epididymitis in males.
- Mastitis.
- Equine:
- Does not cause abortion, but can cause fistulas (Salmonella is the cause of abortion).
Lesions
- Necrotic placenta and placentome
- Swelling of the fetus in all cavities
Clinical Diagnosis
- Direct Smear: From placenta, stained with Z/N stain (red bacilli with blue background).
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Isolation:
- Sample uterine discharge, fetal stomach, milk.
- Inoculate on Albimi agar media or TSA.
- Incubate at 10% CO2 for 7-10 days at 37°C.
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Animal Inoculation:
- Male guinea pig: Ve+ Strauss reaction occurs.
- Female: Strawberry-like appearance of the spleen.
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Serological Diagnosis:
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Tube Agglutination Test:
- Positive titer is 1/40 in cattle, 1/80 in sheep, 1/100 in humans.
- Disadvantages: False negatives (early and late stages of infection), false positives (other organisms producing IgM).
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Rose Bengal Test:
- Reagent pH adjusted to 3.6 to inhibit IgM.
- 99-98% accuracy.
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Complement Fixation Test:
- Detects chronic infections.
- Distinguishes between vaccinated and infected animals.
- Milk Ring Test: Uses tetrazoleum (red) or hematoxylin (blue) antigens.
- Semen Agglutination Test.
- Vaginal Agglutination Test.
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Tube Agglutination Test:
Control
- Hygienic Measures
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Vaccination:
- Dairy cattle less affected than fattening cattle due to less stress.
- Open systems less susceptible than closed systems.
- Goats, sheep, and camels less susceptible due to open yards.
Sources of Infection
- Exhaled air and sputum.
- Milk, feces, and urine..
- Vaginal and uterine discharges.
- Discharges from lymph nodes during examination.
Transmission
- Inhalation (droplet infection)
- Ingestion
- Intrauterine infection
- Intramammary infection through teat siphons
- Skin abrasion (rare)
- Coitus and use of infected semen
Pathogenesis
- Droplet infection results in caseous nodules in the lungs and associated lymph nodes (primary complex).
- Ingestion leads to lesions in pharyngeal or mesenteric lymph nodes.
- Spread from the primary complex via blood or lymphatic system leads to miliary tuberculosis (discrete nodular lesions in various organs).
Generalize TB (Miliary TB)
- Caseated and calcified nodules.
- Clinical manifestations vary based on site of localization: Pulmonary tuberculosis, Intestinal tuberculosis, Tuberculous mastitis, Tuberculous metritis.
- Incubation period: 3-6 months.
Clinical Signs
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Respiratory Form:
- Persistent, infrequent cough.
- Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) due to bronchial lymph node involvement and constriction of air passages.
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Digestive Form:
- Recurrent or persistent ruminal tympany due to enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes.
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) due to enlarged retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
- Diarrhea due to tuberculous ulcers in the small intestine.
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Genital Form:
- Tuberculous metritis.
- Tuberculous vaginitis.
- Infertility.
- Tuberculous mastitis.
Postmortem Lesions
- Nodules start caseous and then calcify, filled with pus and greasy sounding (as in military TB)
Diagnosis
- Clinical signs and lesions.
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Laboratory Diagnosis:
- Microscopic examination of smears of milk sediment or sputum, stained with Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast bacilli).
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Allergic Test (Tuberculin Test):
- Uses Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) from M. bovis (more potent and specific than human type).
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Single Intradermal Test (SID):
- Measure skin thickness before injecting 0.1 ml of tuberculin.
- Read result after 72 hours by measuring the skin fold thickness.
- Disadvantages: Lack of specificity, false positive reactions with other organisms (Nocardia, BCG vaccination, Actinomyces pyogenes, Para TB).
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Simultaneous Intradermal Comparative Test: Involves injecting mammalian and avian types of tuberculin on opposite sides of animal. Compare readings:
- Avian 5 : Mammalian 3 = Sensitized.
- Avian 3: Mammalian 4 = Infected.
- Disadvantages: Failure to detect minimal sensitivity (false negatives) in early stages, recent parturition, old cases (senility).
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Stormont Test: Used to detect poorly sensitized animals.
- Two injections are used with a 7 day interval. An increase of 5mm or more after 24 hours of the second injection is considered positive.
Differential Diagnosis:
- Bovine Farcy: Caused by Nocardia farcinicus. Characterized by purulent lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, with pulmonary signs.
- Tuberculin test gives positive results with bovine farcy.
- Differentiate using Ziehl-Neelsen stain:
- Nocardia appear as acid-fast, long filament bacilli stained evenly.
- TB appear as short acid-fast bacilli.
Control
- Hygienic Measures
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Vaccination:
- BCG Vaccine:
- Attenuated vaccine of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bovine type, injected intradermally.
- Advantages: Lifelong immunity in children, increases phagocytic power of the body, non-specific immunity against babesiosis, rift valley fever, and salmonellosis, enhances antibody production.
- Used in animals for non-specific immunity against babesiosis, rift valley fever, and salmonellosis, and to increase weigh by 10%.
- Not used for TB protection in animals due to:
- Intravenous administration of 100ml may result in anaphylactic shock.
- Immunity lasts only for 6 months.
- BCG Vaccine:
Treatment of TB
- Chemotherapy in domestic animals is of little value due to:
- Chronic nature of the disease.
- High costs.
- Ineffectiveness of treatment because the organism is surrounded by vascular capsulated connective tissue.
- Zoonotic implications.
- Chemotherapy in humans: Streptomycin and Para aminosalicylic acid.
Johne's Disease (Paratuberculosis)
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Also known as Woody Cow Disease
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Chronic wasting disease of ruminants characterized by emaciation, intermittent foamy diarrhea, thickening and corrugation of intestinal mucosa.
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Etiology: Caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, a Gram-positive, aerobic, acid-fast, intracellular small rod.
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Susceptibility: Cattle and buffaloes are most susceptible. Parturition, transportation, and nutritional deficiencies increase susceptibility.
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Sources of Infection:
- Infected bulls: Feces are the main source of infection and semen can also be a source.
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Transmission:
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water by feces of infected animals.
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Pathogenesis:
- After ingestion, the organism localizes in the mucosa of the small intestine.
- It multiplies and infiltrates the intestinal submucosa, resulting in decreased absorption and causing chronic diarrhea.
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Description
Discover the essential functions and benefits of using CamScanner in this quiz. Learn how this app enhances productivity, its key features, and the types of documents it can scan. Additionally, explore potential privacy concerns associated with its use.
