CamScanner App Functionality Quiz

Root System

Roots are the underground part of a plant, anchoring it in the soil and absorbing water and nutrients.
Roots are essential for plant survival.

Germination

Germination is the process whereby a seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling.
Hypogeal germination: The cotyledons remain below the soil surface during germination.
Epigeal germination: The cotyledons are lifted above the soil surface during germination.

Root Types

Tap root: A large, central root that grows downwards;
- Example: Carrots.
- Forms a conical or napiform shape (e.g., radish, beet)
Fibrous roots: A network of thin roots forming a dense mat near the soil surface;
- Example: Grasses.
- Adventitious root - roots arising from non-root parts, like stems or leaves.
Tuberous tap roots: A swollen tap root;
- Example: Sweet potatoes.
- The swelling is a result of the storage of food reserves.
Contractile roots: Roots that pull the plant deeper into the soil;
- Examples: Bulbs and rhizomes.
- These roots are an adaptation of plants in areas with a risk of high winds or drought.
Prop roots: Roots that support the plant above the ground.
- Examples: Corn and banyan trees.
Haustorial roots: Roots that attach to other plants and absorb nutrients from them. These are parasitic plants.
- Examples: The dodder plant.
Climbing roots: Roots that help the plant climb.
- Examples: Ivy.
Aerial roots: Roots that grow in the air and are not in contact with the soil.
- Example: Orchid.
Pillar roots: Adventitious roots that develop from the stem and aid support.
- These are seen in some trees especially in mangrove forests.
Respiratory roots: Roots that grow above the ground, responsible for gas exchange enabling the plant to survive in waterlogged or submerged soils.
- Example: Mangrove trees.
Tuberous roots: Roots that swell to store food;
- example: sweet potatoes.
Rhizome: A horizontal underground stem that produces roots and shoots;
- example: ginger.

Shoot System

The shoot system includes the stems, leaves, and flowers of a plant.
It is typically above ground.

Buds

Buds are developing structures that can grow into stems, leaves, or flowers.
- Terminal bud - Located at the end of the stem.
- Lateral bud - Located along the stem.
- Adventitious bud - Growing from unexpected places like roots or stems.
Summer bud - Buds appearing in summer
Winter bud - Buds appearing in winter

Stems

Stems support leaves, flowers, and fruits.

Types of Stems:

Erect: Upright stem, e.g., trees/woody plants
Weak stem (Climbing by adventitious roots): A weak stem that climbs up supporting structures using adventitious roots, e.g., some vines
Prostrate: Lies flat to the ground. Examples include certain plants that colonize ground surfaces.
Dwarf: Short stem, e.g., some succulents
Long: Long stem,e.g., flowering plants
Climbing (twining): Climb by twisting around a support
Climbing (tendril): Climb by means of tendrils
Aerial stems: Are stems that grow in the air
Rhizome: Stem that grows underground (used for reproduction and storage)
Bulb: A modified stem that stores food and enables propagation
Corm: A swollen underground stem that stores food
Tuber: Underground swollen stem that stores food Example: Potato
Rhizome: Thickened underground stems from which new shoots and roots emerge
Monopodial branching: Primary stem continues to grow upward, and lateral branches develop from the stem's basal parts
Sympodial branching: The main stem grows for a short time before dying; lateral stems then develop from the stem's tip

Leaf

A leaf, a major organ of a plant, performs photosynthesis.
Leaf composition:
- Simple leaf: One undivided blade
- Compound leaf: Divided into leaflets
Leaf apex:
- Acute: Pointed
- Obtuse: Rounded
- Cuspidate: Ending in a sharp point
- Cordate: Heart-shaped
Leaf shape:
- Ovate: Oval
Leaf margins:
- Entire: Smooth edge
- Serrate: Toothed edge
- Sinuate: Wavy edge
- Palmate: Similar to fingers of a hand.
Leaf venation:
- Parallel: Veins run parallel to one another
- Reticulate: Veins have a netlike pattern
Leaf petiole:
- Petiolate: Leaf with a petiole
- Sessile: Leaf without a petiole
- Winged: Petiole has wings
Leaf stipules:
- Stipules: Small leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf petiole (Can be present or absent)

Fruits

Fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant, containing seeds.
Types of simple fruits:
- Dry fruits: Not juicy when ripe; Examples: grains, nuts, seeds, capsules, follicles, legumes.
  - Indehiscent: Does not split open at maturity (e.g., nuts, seeds)
  - Dehiscent: Splits open at maturity (e.g., follicle, legume, and capsule)
- Succulent Fruits: Juicy when ripe. Examples: berries, pomes, drupes.
  - Berry: Juicy pericarp with many seeds (e.g., tomato, grape)
  - Drupe: A single seed enclosed by a hard endocarp (e.g., peach, plum)
  - Pome: A fleshy fruit with a tough endocarp (e.g., apple, pear)
Types of Aggregate fruits: Derived from multiple ovaries of a single flower. (e.g., strawberry, raspberry)
Types of Composite fruits: Formed from multiple flowers within an inflorescence. (e.g., pineapple, mulberry)