Questions and Answers
What type of microscope passes visible light through the specimen?
What are organelles?
Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells.
An electron microscope focuses light on the specimen.
False
What is the purpose of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
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What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) study?
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What is cell fractionation used for?
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What is the plasma membrane?
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What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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Which of the following structures is a part of the endomembrane system?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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What is the role of chloroplasts?
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What does the endosymbiont theory propose?
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What are microtubules?
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What is the central vacuole?
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What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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What is the function of myosin?
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What structures are responsible for the beating of flagella?
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What are plasmodesmata?
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Study Notes
Light Microscopy and Electron Microscopy
- Light microscope (LM) utilizes visible light, passing it through specimens and glass lenses for magnification.
- Electron microscope (EM) employs electron beams to focus images, enhancing magnification and resolution.
- Scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans the surface of specimens, often coated in gold, providing detailed topographic images.
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examines internal cell structures by passing electron beams through thin specimen sections.
Cell Structure and Organelles
- Organelles are specialized, membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells, each performing distinct functions.
- Eukaryotic cells contain DNA primarily within the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane.
- Prokaryotic cells concentrate DNA in a non-membrane-enclosed region called the nucleoid.
Membrane and Cytoplasm
- Plasma membrane serves as a selective barrier, regulating the exchange of materials like oxygen and nutrients.
- Cytoplasm refers to the gel-like substance where cellular components reside, containing the cytosol.
Nucleus and Genetic Material
- Nucleus houses most genes of eukaryotic cells, with the nuclear envelope isolating its contents from the cytoplasm.
- Nuclear lamina provides structural support to the nucleus, maintaining its shape.
- Chromosomes are organized DNA structures within the nucleus, essential for genetic information.
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA and proteins, are crucial for synthesizing proteins in cells.
- Endomembrane system encompasses the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Endoplasmic reticulum comprises an extensive membrane network, categorizing into smooth ER (lacking ribosomes) and rough ER (studded with ribosomes).
- Smooth ER is involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis, while rough ER is essential for protein synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus acts as a processing and shipping center for proteins and lipids received from the ER.
- Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules, playing a vital role in cellular breakdown processes.
Vacuoles and Cellular Maintenance
- Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi, serving diverse functions like storage and waste disposal.
- Central vacuoles in mature plant cells contribute to turgor pressure, maintaining structural integrity.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, converting nutrients into ATP using oxygen.
- Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, facilitate photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
Cytoskeleton and Cellular Structure
- Cytoskeleton consists of a network of fibers providing structural support and facilitating cell motility.
- Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments are the three main components of the cytoskeleton.
Extracellular Structures
- Cell wall distinguishes plant cells from animal cells, providing rigidity and protection.
- The primary cell wall is initially secreted thin and flexible, while the secondary cell wall, if present, provides additional strength.
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) supports cells, composed of glycoproteins like collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans.
Cellular Communication
- Plasmodesmata are channels in cell walls that connect plant cells, allowing cytoplasm flow and communication between cells.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore key concepts from Chapter 6 of Campbell Biology with this engaging flashcard quiz. Test your knowledge on essential terms such as light microscopes, organelles, and electron microscopes. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular biology.
