Campbell Biology Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What type of microscope passes visible light through the specimen?

Scanning electron microscope

Transmission electron microscope

Electron microscope

Light microscope (correct)

What are organelles?

Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells.

An electron microscope focuses light on the specimen.

False

What is the purpose of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

To scan the surface of the sample for detailed study. Signup and view all the answers

What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) study?

The internal structure of cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is cell fractionation used for?

Studying cell structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane?

The boundary of every cell, acting as a selective barrier. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?

Most of the DNA is in the nucleus, bounded by a double membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

To carry out protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is a part of the endomembrane system?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

Digesting macromolecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chloroplasts?

Sites of photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the endosymbiont theory propose?

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

Hollow rods measuring about 25 nm in diameter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the central vacuole?

A large vacuole in mature plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A collection of glycoproteins and carbohydrate-containing molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myosin?

Interacts with actin filaments for muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What structures are responsible for the beating of flagella?

Microtubules. Signup and view all the answers

What are plasmodesmata?

Membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Light Microscopy and Electron Microscopy

Light microscope (LM) utilizes visible light, passing it through specimens and glass lenses for magnification.
Electron microscope (EM) employs electron beams to focus images, enhancing magnification and resolution.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans the surface of specimens, often coated in gold, providing detailed topographic images.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examines internal cell structures by passing electron beams through thin specimen sections.

Cell Structure and Organelles

Organelles are specialized, membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells, each performing distinct functions.
Eukaryotic cells contain DNA primarily within the nucleus, surrounded by a double membrane.
Prokaryotic cells concentrate DNA in a non-membrane-enclosed region called the nucleoid.

Membrane and Cytoplasm

Plasma membrane serves as a selective barrier, regulating the exchange of materials like oxygen and nutrients.
Cytoplasm refers to the gel-like substance where cellular components reside, containing the cytosol.

Nucleus and Genetic Material

Nucleus houses most genes of eukaryotic cells, with the nuclear envelope isolating its contents from the cytoplasm.
Nuclear lamina provides structural support to the nucleus, maintaining its shape.
Chromosomes are organized DNA structures within the nucleus, essential for genetic information.

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes, made of ribosomal RNA and proteins, are crucial for synthesizing proteins in cells.
Endomembrane system encompasses the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Endoplasmic reticulum comprises an extensive membrane network, categorizing into smooth ER (lacking ribosomes) and rough ER (studded with ribosomes).
Smooth ER is involved in detoxification and lipid synthesis, while rough ER is essential for protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus and Lysosomes

Golgi apparatus acts as a processing and shipping center for proteins and lipids received from the ER.
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules, playing a vital role in cellular breakdown processes.

Vacuoles and Cellular Maintenance

Vacuoles are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi, serving diverse functions like storage and waste disposal.
Central vacuoles in mature plant cells contribute to turgor pressure, maintaining structural integrity.

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, converting nutrients into ATP using oxygen.
Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, facilitate photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Cytoskeleton and Cellular Structure

Cytoskeleton consists of a network of fibers providing structural support and facilitating cell motility.
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments are the three main components of the cytoskeleton.

Extracellular Structures

Cell wall distinguishes plant cells from animal cells, providing rigidity and protection.
The primary cell wall is initially secreted thin and flexible, while the secondary cell wall, if present, provides additional strength.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) supports cells, composed of glycoproteins like collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans.

Cellular Communication

Plasmodesmata are channels in cell walls that connect plant cells, allowing cytoplasm flow and communication between cells.

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Explore key concepts from Chapter 6 of Campbell Biology with this engaging flashcard quiz. Test your knowledge on essential terms such as light microscopes, organelles, and electron microscopes. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular biology.