Cambridge IGCSE Maths: Types of Numbers and Symbols

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the usage of directed numbers in real-life scenarios?

  • Directed numbers are used to represent quantities with direction relative to a zero point. (correct)
  • Directed numbers indicate the magnitude of a quantity, irrespective of direction.
  • Directed numbers are mainly used for accounting purposes to differentiate profit from loss.
  • Directed numbers are used to indicate time in the future only.

Consider the numbers $\sqrt{2}$, $\pi$, and $e$. Which of them, when used in the formula for the area or circumference of a circle, would result in an irrational number, and why?

  • Only $\sqrt{2}$ would result in an irrational number as it cannot be expressed as a fraction.
  • Only $\pi$ would result in an irrational number because the area and circumference formulas inherently include $\pi$.
  • $\sqrt{2}$, $\pi$, and $e$ would all potentially result in irrational numbers depending on their usage in the radius or diameter. (correct)
  • Both $\sqrt{2}$ and $e$ would result in irrational numbers because they are transcendental numbers.

In the context of number theory, how would you classify a number that has more than two factors?

  • Composite number (correct)
  • Integer
  • Irrational number
  • Prime number

When calculating with numbers, what is the correct order of operations to simplify the expression: $5 + 2 \times (8 - 3)^2 \div 5 - 1$?

<p>Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When rounding to a specific number of significant figures, at what point does a zero become 'significant'?

<p>Zeros are significant when they are between non-zero digits or are trailing after the decimal point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider two distinct prime numbers, p and q. What is their highest common factor (HCF)?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the concept of a 'net' assist in calculating the surface area of a three-dimensional object?

<p>It simplifies the process by converting a 3D problem into a 2D problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine whether one number is a factor of another without performing long division?

<p>By applying divisibility tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In practical terms, what does finding the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) help you achieve in real-world scenarios?

<p>Calculating the time at which repeating events will coincide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a larger circle has a radius $R$ and a smaller circle has a radius $r$, and the volume of the larger sphere ($V_R$) is twice the volume of the smaller sphere ($V_r$), what equation connects $r$ to $R$?

<p>$R = \sqrt[3]{2} \cdot r$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you determine whether to classify the number 1 as prime, composite, or neither?

<p>1 is neither prime nor composite because it has only one distinct factor (itself). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating the perimeter of a sector, why must you add twice the radius to the arc length?

<p>Because the sector has two straight edges both equal to the radius. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical steps would you take to determine how many whole number boxes of specific dimensions can fit into a storage area with known dimensions, assuming you can't partially fill a box?

<p>Divide the dimensions of the storage area by the corresponding dimensions of one box, round each result down to the nearest whole number, and multiply those rounded results together. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A shape can be perfectly divided into smaller shapes—how can you use this property to calculate the total area of the shape?

<p>By summing areas of all the smaller shapes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A symmetrical three dimensional form is rotated around an axis. What characteristic must the cross-section along this axis possess?

<p>The shape of the cross-section will be the same at every interval along the axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A student is trying to determine three numbers' Highest Common Factor (HCF). If not including the trivial factor, what minimal information would allow the student to calculate all three?

<p>Factoring all three numbers into prime factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the equation $x=a^n$, if $n$ is doubled, what transformation must occur to $a$ to keep $x$ constant?

<p>$a$ must be square rooted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Circle A is fully contained within circle B, and they do not intersect. If you want to calculate the area between these circles, what is the proper method?

<p>Area of large circle subtract Area of small circle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is essential when relating radius, diameter, and calculating a circle's circumference?

<p>Pi's relation to circumference and diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Area of Circle = $\pi r^2$. Given this, and if someone knows $\pi$ is irrational, what can correctly be stated about irrationality?

<p>If the radius, $r$, is rational then Area of the circle <em>CANNOT</em> be rational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does the formula to calculate the perimeter of a triangle or the formula to calculate the area of the triangle require right angles or perpendicular lines to function?

<p>NEITHER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When are units most important to your final calculation?

<p>They are necessary to each final calculation, for they are needed to demonstrate calculations and correct answer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the most accurate method to find the surface area of a complex 3D shape for which no single formula exists?

<p>Split the shape and add different parts for known equations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done, and IN what order should they happen, if one must 'insert brackets' into the following equation to find correct solutions:3 + 8 *4 -2 = 30?

<p>3 + 8 must occur first; result is 42 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best explains the practical purpose of 'estimating answers,'

<p>To check magnitude and confirm reasonableness, especially after calculations or formulas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a name for the different parts/types of circles

<p>Trapezium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You attempt to calculate areas of faces on common, complex, solid, geometric shapes. Given "two ends with area equal to the cross-sectional area," what concept has the greatest utility?

<p>Prism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will an irrational number influence the volume of a cylinder when computing?

<p>ALWAYS causes Irrational calculation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is 224 m^2 equal to (1/410)^2 km^2?

<p>FALSE; conversion requires multiplication or division and is not as simple as the calculations provided (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In creating/demonstrating the net of a solid, which of the following is most vital?

<p>Faces connected and foldable upon same vertices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method should you select to measure the length of a rope in a race that will be performed around a track?

<p>Perimeter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be remembered when using the Pythagorean Theorem?

<p>a^2 +b^2 =c^2 <em>where</em> c is hypotenuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation must a, b, and c undergo, where the surface of area for the following is surface area of a cuboid = 2(ab + ac + bc), WHILE the dimensions remain unchnaged.

<p>MUST maintain original units of measurment, or no correct calculation can follow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are tasked to paint some walls and have a budget. To estimate in your head, which formula or method should be chosen to accurately estimate while shopping?

<p>An estimate that accounts of surface area, doors, followed by multiplying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool would prove of most valuable in solving prime numbers?

<p>Computer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What steps are essential to take in order to calculate area, from a set of 2D to create its PERIMETER?

<p>Add each face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that a cylinder consist of many components, which is generally NOT used when describing area?

<p>Perimeter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 5! equal

<p>120 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural number

Any whole number from 1 to infinity.

Odd number

A whole number that cannot be divided exactly by 2.

Even number

A whole number that can be divided exactly by 2.

Integer

Any of the negative and positive whole numbers, including zero.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prime number

A whole number greater than 1 which has only two factors: the number itself and 1.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Square number

The product obtained when an integer is multiplied by itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fraction

A number representing parts of a whole number

Signup and view all the flashcards

Factor

A number that divides exactly into another number with no remainder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple

A multiple of a number is found when you multiply that number by a positive integer

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lowest common multiple (LCM)

The lowest common multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of all the given numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Highest common factor (HCF)

The highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that is a factor of all the given numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prime factors

Prime factors are the factors of a number that are also prime numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Composite Numbers

Are the factors of a number that has more than 2 factors

Signup and view all the flashcards

Square numbers

The product that occurs when a number is squared.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Directed numbers

Numbers like these, which have direction are called directed numbers

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does BODMAS stand for

Follow the order brackets, of/indices, divide, multiply, add, subtract

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decimal place rounding

To round a number to a given decimal place you look at the value of the digit to the right of the specified place

Signup and view all the flashcards

Significant figure

The first non-zero digit, when reading from left to right

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a polygon?

A flat shape with at least 3 straight sdies

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perimeter

Sum of side lengths of polygon

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is area

Space contained within a polgyon

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do you work out area of paralellagram.

The side times the vertical height.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do you work out area of triangle

Is half the base times the vertical height.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How do you work out area of a Traoezium

Is half the parralell sides together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Whats the diameter of a circle

Is the measure across the cennter of a circle

Signup and view all the flashcards

Radius

Is the measure from centre to perimeter

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the circumfrence.

Is the entire distance round the ring of a circle.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What symbol is PI

Is 3.142

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a cube

The shape and volume with all sides the same length.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the 3 measurement of cube

Lenghtth, width and height

Signup and view all the flashcards

Area of a cuboid, surface area

2(lw + lh + wh)

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volume of a cuboid

Lenght x width x height

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are NETS

Flat 2D shapes that form 3D solids

Signup and view all the flashcards

Volume of a cyclinder

A 3-d solid with constiant diameter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cylinders are made of

2 dimensionsal circle at two oppposit ends with wall length going all way round with consistant diameter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wht is the surface area of a cylinder

Are area for two equal ends plus perimeter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • This text is from "Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Core and Extended Coursebook" by Karen Morrison and Nick Hamshaw, published by Cambridge University Press in 2012

Different Types of Numbers

  • Natural numbers are any whole numbers from 1 to infinity, also known as counting numbers, excluding 0.
  • Odd numbers are whole numbers not divisible by 2
  • Even numbers are whole numbers divisible by 2
  • Integers include all negative and positive whole numbers, including zero
  • Prime numbers are whole numbers greater than 1 that has only two factors: the number itself and 1.
  • Square numbers are the product of an integer multiplied by itself
  • Fractions represent parts of a whole number, expressible in the form of a common fraction (vulgar), or as a decimal.

Symbols Used in Mathematics Statements

  • = means "is equal to"
  • ≠ means "is not equal to"
  • ≈ means "is approximately equal to"
  • < means "is less than"
  • ≤ means "is less than or equal to"
  • > means "is greater than"
  • ≥ means "is greater than or equal to"
  • ... means "therefore"
  • √ represents "the square root of"

Multiples

  • A multiple is a number found by multiplying a given number by a positive integer.
  • The first multiple of any number is the number itself (multiplied by 1)
  • The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple of all the given numbers.

Factors

  • A factor is a number that divides exactly into another number with no remainder
  • 1 is a factor of every number.
  • The largest factor of any number is the number itself.
  • The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the highest number that is a factor of all the given numbers.

Prime Numbers

  • Prime numbers have exactly two factors: one and the number itself
  • Composite numbers have more than two factors
  • The number 1 has only one factor, so it is neither prime nor composite

Finding Prime Factors

  • Prime factors are factors of a number that are also prime numbers
  • Every composite whole number can be expressed and written as the product of its prime factors
  • Tree diagrams or division can be used

Prime Factorization

  • To find the HCF or LCM of larger numbers, express each number as a product of its prime factors
  • Use factor trees or division
  • Underline the factors common to both numbers (for HCF)
  • Underline the largest set of multiples of each factor (for LCM)

Divisibility Tests

  • A number is exactly divisible by:
    • 2 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
    • 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3
    • 4 if the last two digits can be divided by 4
    • 5 if it ends with 0 or 5
    • 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3
    • 8 if the last three digits are divisible by 8
    • 9 if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9
    • 10 if the number ends in 0

Squares and Cubes

  • A number is squared when multiplied by itself
    • Ex: The square of 5 is 5 × 5 = 25. Represented as 5² = 25
  • A number is cubed when multiplied by itself, and then multiplied by itself again
    • Ex: The cube of 2 is 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Represented as 2³ = 8

Square Root and Cube Root

  • The square root of a number is the value that was multiplied by itself to get the square number
    • Ex: √25 = 5
  • The cube root of a number is the number that was multiplied by itself to get the cube number
    • Ex: 3√8 = 2

Directed Numbers

  • Directed numbers also known as integers are numbers that indicate direction from zero, with a positive ( + ) value indicating above or to the right, and negative ( - ) indicating below or to the left.

Order of Operations

  • The order of operations:
    • Grouping symbols first, from innermost to outermost
    • Division and multiplication, from left to right
    • Addition and subtraction, from left to right
  • Many people use the phrase BODMAS to remember the order of operations
    • Brackets, Of/Indices, Division, Multipication, Addition, Subtraction

Using a Calculator

  • Calculators with algebraic logic automatically follow the order of operations
  • Calculations containing brackets must be entered, in order for those operations to be prioritized
  • Calculators have a π button

Rounding Numbers

  • To round a number to a given decimal place:
    • Look at the digit to the right of the specified place
    • Round up if the digit is 5 or greater
    • Round down if the digit is less than 5

Significant Figures

  • The first significant digit of a number is the first non-zero digit from left to right
  • Next digit represents significant digit. Do this with both numbers

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

More Like This

Number Theory Basics
9 questions

Number Theory Basics

LawAbidingPalmTree avatar
LawAbidingPalmTree
Number Theory Quiz
8 questions

Number Theory Quiz

DazzledBarium avatar
DazzledBarium
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser