19 Questions
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Grana = Part of chloroplast responsible for light absorption and synthesis of ATP and NADPH Stroma = Fluid-filled space in chloroplast where sugar synthesis occurs Photosynthesis = Process by which plants convert light energy into sugar Chlorophyll a = Chief pigment involved in photosynthesis
Match the following stages of photosynthesis with their descriptions:
Light reaction = Phase where light is absorbed, water is split, and high energy intermediates are formed Dark reaction = Phase where sugar is synthesized without the need for light Chloroplast = Organelle where photosynthesis takes place Thylakoid pigments = Pigments that absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a
Match the following processes with their roles in photosynthesis:
Water splitting = Part of light reaction that releases oxygen and forms high energy intermediates ATP and NADPH synthesis = Result of the light reaction providing energy for sugar synthesis Chromatographic separation = Method used to analyze leaf pigments based on absorption spectrum LHC (Light Harvesting Complex) = Organized pigments in photosystems that capture light energy
Match the following pigments with their functions:
Chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, carotenoids = Accessory pigments that transfer energy to chlorophyll a and protect from photo-oxidation Photosystem I, Photosystem II = Contain hundreds of pigment molecules in LHC for capturing light energy Chloroplast, Mesophyll cells = Locations where chloroplasts are present for photosynthesis Stroma lamellae = Part of chloroplast membrane system involved in sugar synthesis
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Calvin Cycle = Series of reactions in photosynthesis that leads to the formation of glucose Carboxylation = Fixation of carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) Reduction = Series of reactions that leads to the formation of glucose Regeneration = Generation of RuBP molecules for the continuation of the cycle
Match the following compounds with their roles in photosynthesis:
3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) = First fixation product in Calvin Cycle Oxaloacetic Acid (AAO) = Compound containing 4-carbon discovered later on RuBP = Reactant for carboxylation in Calvin Cycle NADPH = Required for reduction reactions in photosynthesis
Match the scientists with their contribution to the discovery of photosynthesis processes:
Malvin Calvin = Part of the team that used radioactive 14C to discover first fixation product in photosynthesis Benson = Contributed to the discovery of the Calvin Cycle stages Chlorealla and Scenedesmus algae = Used in experiments to discover the first fixation product in photosynthesis RuBisCO = Enzyme involved in carboxylation during photosynthesis
Match the stages of Calvin Cycle with their descriptions:
Carboxylation = Fixation of carbon dioxide into 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) Reduction = Series of reactions leading to glucose formation Regeneration = Generation of RuBP molecules for cycle continuation ATP and NADPH requirement = Number of ATP and NADPH molecules required for each glucose molecule produced
Match the following components with their involvement in the process of photorespiration:
RuBisCO = First acceptor of CO2 PGA = First stable product PEP = First acceptor of CO2 OAA = First stable product
Match the following plant types with their characteristics:
C3 plants = Mesophyll cells perform complete photosynthesis C4 plants = Mesophyll cells perform only initial fixation
Match the following factors affecting photosynthesis with their descriptions:
Light intensity = Increases the rate of photosynthesis until light saturation point Carbon dioxide concentration = Rate of photosynthesis increases with concentration until compensation point Temperature = Higher temperature can inhibit enzyme activity affecting dark reaction Water availability = Rate of photosynthesis does not increase proportionally after saturation
Match the following molecules with their role in photosynthesis:
NADPH = Carrier of high-energy electrons ATP = Provides energy for chemical reactions Oxygen = Released as a byproduct Carbon dioxide = Used in the Calvin cycle
Match the following terms with their correct description:
Protons used in light reactions = Derived from water splitting Chlorophyll = Pigment that absorbs light energy Stroma = Location of Calvin cycle in chloroplasts Thylakoid membrane = Site of light-dependent reactions
Match the following processes with their associated molecules or compounds:
Calvin cycle = Uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide Krebs cycle = Generates ATP through cellular respiration Light reaction = Produces ATP and NADPH using light energy Glycolysis = Initiates breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
Match the following terms with their respective definitions:
Photosynthesis = Process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll Cellular respiration = Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Match the following locations with the processes that occur there:
Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis Mitochondria = Cellular respiration
Match the following statements with the correct process:
Uses sunlight and carbon dioxide = Photosynthesis Breaks down glucose to produce ATP = Cellular respiration
Match the following characteristics with the corresponding process:
Anabolic process = Photosynthesis Catabolic process = Cellular respiration
Match the following factors with their impact on plant metabolism:
Light availability = Affects photosynthesis Oxygen concentration = Affects cellular respiration
Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur simultaneously in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
- Chloroplasts are present in mesophyll cells along the walls of leaves.
Chloroplast Structure
- Chloroplasts have a membranous system consisting of grana, stroma lamellae, and fluid stroma.
- The membrane system is responsible for synthesizing light energy for ATP and NADPH synthesis.
Light Reactions
- Light reactions occur in the grana and involve the absorption of light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH.
- The light reaction is divided into two stages: light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release, and formation of high-energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH).
- The pigments are organized into two discrete Light-Harvesting Complexes (LHC) within photosystem I and photosystem II.
Light-Harvesting Complex (LHC)
- LHCs are made up of hundreds of pigment molecules containing all pigments except single chlorophyll a molecules in each photosystem.
- LHCs absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a and protect them from photo-oxidation.
Calvin Cycle (C3 Cycle)
- The Calvin cycle is a biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- The Calvin cycle is divided into three stages: carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration.
- Carboxylation involves the fixation of CO2 into 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) through the enzyme RuBP carboxylase (RuBisCO).
- Reduction involves a series of reactions that lead to the formation of glucose, requiring 2 ATP and 2 NADPH molecules.
- Regeneration involves the generation of RuBP molecules for the continuation of the cycle, requiring 1 ATP molecule.
C3 and C4 Plants
- C3 plants do not have Kranz anatomy and undergo photorespiration.
- C4 plants have Kranz anatomy and do not undergo photorespiration.
- C3 plants are adapted to all climates, while C4 plants are adapted to tropical climates.
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
- Light: as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until light saturation point.
- Carbon dioxide concentration: as CO2 concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases until the compensation point.
- Temperature: temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis indirectly by influencing enzyme activity.
- Water: an increase in water does not increase the rate of photosynthesis proportionally after saturation.
NADPH
- NADPH is a high-energy electron carrier molecule produced in the light reactions.
- At the end of the light reaction, NADPH is used in the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2 into glucose.
Protons in Light Reactions
- Protons used in light reactions come from the splitting of water molecules.
Calvin Cycle vs. Krebs Cycle
- The Calvin cycle is a light-independent reaction that occurs in chloroplasts and produces glucose from CO2.
- The Krebs cycle is a light-independent reaction that occurs in mitochondria and produces energy from glucose.
Test your knowledge on the Calvin Cycle, also known as C3 cycle or Reductive Pentose Sugar Phosphate Pathway, and its role in photosynthesis. Learn about the biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis and the discovery of 3-carbon and 4-carbon compounds involved in the process.
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