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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of a calorie (cal)?
What is the definition of a calorie (cal)?
- Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C (correct)
- Total energy available from food consumption
- Amount of energy expended during 1 minute of exercise
- Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between $VO_{2max}$ and cardiovascular disease risk?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between $VO_{2max}$ and cardiovascular disease risk?
- $VO_{2max}$ is inversely related to cardiovascular disease risk. (correct)
- $VO_{2max}$ is not related to cardiovascular disease risk.
- $VO_{2max}$ is only related to cardiovascular disease risk in elderly individuals
- $VO_{2max}$ is directly related to cardiovascular disease risk.
What is the primary purpose of calorimetry?
What is the primary purpose of calorimetry?
- To determine the volume and concentration of inspired gases
- To measure the electrical activity of the heart
- To determine the amount of energy used during exercise by measuring expired gases (correct)
- To measure body temperature
Which type of calorimetry involves measuring heat production directly by monitoring temperature changes in a controlled environment?
Which type of calorimetry involves measuring heat production directly by monitoring temperature changes in a controlled environment?
Which of the following best describes open circuit indirect calorimetry?
Which of the following best describes open circuit indirect calorimetry?
What is the purpose of converting gas volumes to STPD (Standard Temperature and Pressure Dry)?
What is the purpose of converting gas volumes to STPD (Standard Temperature and Pressure Dry)?
According to the information provided, what equation is used in step 3 to calculate $V_I$ (inspired volume)?
According to the information provided, what equation is used in step 3 to calculate $V_I$ (inspired volume)?
What does the acronym BTPS stand for in the context of respiratory physiology?
What does the acronym BTPS stand for in the context of respiratory physiology?
What happens to ventilation ($V_E$) as exercise intensity increases?
What happens to ventilation ($V_E$) as exercise intensity increases?
During submaximal exercise, how does $F_EO_2$ (fraction of oxygen in expired air) typically change?
During submaximal exercise, how does $F_EO_2$ (fraction of oxygen in expired air) typically change?
How does $F_ECO_2$ (fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air) change during moderate exercise?
How does $F_ECO_2$ (fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air) change during moderate exercise?
What typically happens to $V_O2$ (oxygen consumption) during exercise as power output increases?
What typically happens to $V_O2$ (oxygen consumption) during exercise as power output increases?
According to the provided information, what happens to tidal volume ($V_T$) during submaximal exercise?
According to the provided information, what happens to tidal volume ($V_T$) during submaximal exercise?
During maximal exercise, what tends to occur with respiratory rate?
During maximal exercise, what tends to occur with respiratory rate?
What happens to minute ventilation ($V_E$) at the final stages of maximal exercise?
What happens to minute ventilation ($V_E$) at the final stages of maximal exercise?
What happens to $F_EO_2$ (fraction of expired oxygen) during maximal exercise?
What happens to $F_EO_2$ (fraction of expired oxygen) during maximal exercise?
What generally occurs with $F_ECO_2$ (fraction of expired carbon dioxide) during maximal exercise?
What generally occurs with $F_ECO_2$ (fraction of expired carbon dioxide) during maximal exercise?
What is a typical response of $V_O2$ (oxygen consumption) during maximal exercise?
What is a typical response of $V_O2$ (oxygen consumption) during maximal exercise?
According to the information, what happens to the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during submaximal exercise?
According to the information, what happens to the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during submaximal exercise?
What is the typical response of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during maximal exercise?
What is the typical response of the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during maximal exercise?
Flashcards
Caloric Cost of Exercise
Caloric Cost of Exercise
The caloric (energy) cost estimated from oxygen used during exercise (VO2).
Calorie (cal)
Calorie (cal)
Amount of heat/energy needed to raise 1 g of water by 1 °C.
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Kilocalorie (kcal)
Amount of heat/energy needed to raise 1 kg of water by 1 °C.
Calorimetry
Calorimetry
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Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
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Direct Calorimetry
Direct Calorimetry
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Indirect Calorimetry
Indirect Calorimetry
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Open Circuit Indirect Calorimetry
Open Circuit Indirect Calorimetry
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BTPS
BTPS
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ATPS
ATPS
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STPD
STPD
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Conversion of Gases to STPD
Conversion of Gases to STPD
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Ventilation During Exercise
Ventilation During Exercise
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FEO2 During Exercise
FEO2 During Exercise
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FECO2 During Exercise
FECO2 During Exercise
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Tidal Volume During Exercise
Tidal Volume During Exercise
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Respiratory Rate During Exercise
Respiratory Rate During Exercise
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Expired Oxygen During Exercise
Expired Oxygen During Exercise
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Expired Carbon Dioxide During Exercise
Expired Carbon Dioxide During Exercise
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VO2 During Exercise
VO2 During Exercise
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Study Notes
- The caloric (energy) cost of exercise can be estimated from the amount of oxygen used during exercise (VO2).
- Calorie (cal) refers to the amount of heat (energy) required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C.
- Kilocalorie (kCal) refers to the amount of heat (energy) required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 °C.
- One can calculate the volume and concentration of expired gases to determine the amount of energy used during exercise.
- Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) is the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.
- VO2max is inversely related cardiovascular disease risk.
Calorimetry types
- Direct
- Indirect
- Open circuit
- Closed Circuit
Direct Calorimetry
- Direct Calorimetry involves measuring the amount of heat produced by the body.
Indirect Calorimetry
- Indirect Calorimetry involves measuring the amount of oxygen consumed.
- Open circuit
- Can be manual or automated
- Open circuit is a usual testing method employed in an exercise physiology lab.
Graded Exercise Testing
- Continuous GXT
- 3 min stages
- Workloads: 40 W, 80 W, 120 W
- Collect HR & expired gas throughout each stage
- Assign a role to each person
BTPS, ATPS, STPD?
- BTPS = Body Temperature and Pressure Saturated (Air in the Body)
- ATPS = Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure Saturated (Expired Air)
- STPD = Standard Temperature and Pressure Dry (Standardised Air)
- Conversion of gases to STPD allows one to compare results from tests performed on separate days or locations.
- Use STPD when calculate gas volumes.
STPD
- STPD = Standard Temperature and Pressure Dry
- Temperature = 273.15 K (0°C)
- Pressure = 101.3 kpa (760 mmHg)
Calculating Expired & Inspired Gas Variables
- Measured:
- VE (L.min-1) (ATPS)
- FEO2
- FECO2
- Needed to calculate:
- VE (L.min-1) (STPD)
- V₁ (L.min-1)
- F₁O2
- F₁CO2
- VO2 (L.min-1)
- VCO2 (L.min-1)
- RER
Calculating VO2 & VCO2
- Step 1- Convert ATPS to STPD
- Step 2 - Calculate VEO2 & VECO2:
- VEO2 = VE (STPD) X FEO2
- VECO2 = VE (STPD) X FECO2
- Step 3- Calculate V₁:
- V₁ (STPD) = VE (STPD) X (FEN2/F1N2)
- V₁ (STPD) = VE (STPD) x (1-FEO2-FECO₂)/(1-F₁O2-F,CO2)
- Step 4 - Calculate V₁O₂ & V₁CO2:
- V₁O2 = V₁ (STPD) x F₁O2 (0.2093)
- V₁CO₂ = V₁ (STPD) x F₁O2 (0.0035)
- Step 5 - Calculate VO2 & VCO2:
- VO2 = V1O2 - VEO2
- VCO2 = VECO2-V,CO2
Response to Exercise – VE
- Ventilation increases progressively with exercise intensity.
Response to Exercise – FEO2
- Decreases during moderate exercise
- Increases during strenuous exercise (hyperventilation)
Response to Exercise – FECO₂
- Increases progressively during moderate exercise
- Decreases during strenuous exercise (hyperventilation)
Respiratory Changes During Exercise
Parameter | Submax Exercise | Max Exercise
- ------ | -------- | -------- Tidal Volume | ↑ progressively | Plateaus Respiratory Rate | ↑ progressively | Plateaus at final stages VE (L.min-1) | ↑ progressively | Plateaus at final stages FEO2 | ↓ progressively | ↑ at final stages FECO2 | ↑ progressively | ↓ at final stages VO2 (L.min-1) | ↑ progressively | ↓ or plateaus RER | ↑ | ↑ or plateaus
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