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Normal extracellular urea concentrations contribute significantly to the measured plasma osmolality.
Normal extracellular urea concentrations contribute significantly to the measured plasma osmolality.
False
In acute uraemia, the increased osmotic gradient does not alter cell hydration.
In acute uraemia, the increased osmotic gradient does not alter cell hydration.
False
Normally low extracellular glucose concentrations contribute significantly to the osmolality.
Normally low extracellular glucose concentrations contribute significantly to the osmolality.
False
In chronic uraemia, the osmotic effect of urea is reduced as the concentrations gradually equalize on the two sides of the membrane.
In chronic uraemia, the osmotic effect of urea is reduced as the concentrations gradually equalize on the two sides of the membrane.
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Severe hyperglycaemia, whether acute or chronic, causes a marked osmotic effect across cell membranes, with movement of water from cells into the extracellular compartment causing cellular dehydration.
Severe hyperglycaemia, whether acute or chronic, causes a marked osmotic effect across cell membranes, with movement of water from cells into the extracellular compartment causing cellular dehydration.
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Reduced levels of urea and glucose, unlike those of sodium, can cause cellular overhydration.
Reduced levels of urea and glucose, unlike those of sodium, can cause cellular overhydration.
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Urea diffuses into cells much faster than water.
Urea diffuses into cells much faster than water.
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Glucose is actively transported out of many cells.
Glucose is actively transported out of many cells.
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Hyperglycaemia, whether acute or chronic, does not cause cellular dehydration.
Hyperglycaemia, whether acute or chronic, does not cause cellular dehydration.
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What health condition is indicated by a T-score of -1.5 in bone density testing?
What health condition is indicated by a T-score of -1.5 in bone density testing?
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According to ISCD recommendations, what Z-score range defines 'low bone mineral density for chronological age'?
According to ISCD recommendations, what Z-score range defines 'low bone mineral density for chronological age'?
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Which bone density measurement locations are considered in the WHO diagnostic T-score criteria for postmenopausal women and men over 50?
Which bone density measurement locations are considered in the WHO diagnostic T-score criteria for postmenopausal women and men over 50?
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What does a T-score of -2.8 indicate in bone density testing?
What does a T-score of -2.8 indicate in bone density testing?
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What recommended method is used by ISCD instead of T-scores for certain populations?
What recommended method is used by ISCD instead of T-scores for certain populations?
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How does a Z-score of -1.5 differ from a Z-score of -2.5 with regard to bone mineral density?
How does a Z-score of -1.5 differ from a Z-score of -2.5 with regard to bone mineral density?
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