CAD/CAM: Computer-Aided Design & Manufacturing

• CAD/CAM means computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing.
• It involves using digital computers for certain functions in design and manufacturing.
• The ultimate goal is a fully automated factory.
• Computers in manufacturing are used for pre-processing support, monitoring/control, and post-processing support.

Pre-processing Support

• Involves functions like computer-aided design and drafting and finite element analysis.
• Indirectly aids manufacturing by providing part programming, process planning, and scheduling.
• Relies on human input and interpretation of computer output.

Monitoring and Control

• Computers are directly interfaced with manufacturing processes.
• Monitoring involves observing the process and collecting data, controlled by an operator.
• Controlling involves monitoring and controlling the process based on observations using control algorithms.

Post-processing Support

• Focuses on delivering a quality product to customers using functions like computer-aided assembly and inspection.

CAD Definition

• CAD is a design process using computer graphics and software for analysis, development, costing, and ergonomics.
• After a concept is developed, a geometric model is started, dependent on the type of analysis needed.
• A definition translator within the CAD system converts designer input into the proper database format.
• Interface algorithms are used to extract data for engineering analysis.
• After finalizing the geometric model, drafting and detailing of the model start, followed by documentation and final drawings.

CAM Definition

• CAM uses computer systems to plan, manage, and control manufacturing plant operations through direct or indirect computer interface.
• The geometric model from CAD is the foundation for CAM.
• Interface algorithms extract information from the CAD database, and process planning leads to NC programs.
• After parts are manufactured, computer-aided quality control inspects them and robots assemble parts.

Product Lifecycle

• Begins with a concept and progresses through design engineering.

Traditional Manufacturing Environment

• After design, part prints are released for production.
• Production engineering assesses feasibility and creates the process plan for cost-effective production.
• Actions include making tools, acquiring equipment, procuring materials, and releasing instructions.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing Environment

• Begins with identifying a need.
• Synthesis determines the product's philosophy, functionality, and uniqueness, resulting in a conceptual design.
• The conceptual design is analyzed using engineering sciences for design modeling and simulation.
• Prototyping may occur to test the design, along with cost analyses.
• Design communication involves drawings, reports, and presentations.

Manufacturing Industries Classification by Quantity

• Job shop production involves low volume and high variety.
• Batch production involves manufacturing in medium lots, may be one-time or at regular intervals.
• Mass production involves very high volume and dedicated equipment.
• Continuous flow process involves continuous, dedicated bulk manufacturing.

Arrangement of Physical Facilities

• Fixed position layout involves the product remaining in one location.
• Process layout involves grouping machines by manufacturing process.
• Product flow layout is specially used for manufacturing one product in large volumes.

Types of Automation

• Automation uses mechanical, electrical, electronic, and computer-based systems for production.
• Automation systems include fixed, programmable, and flexible automation.
• Fixed automation has a fixed sequence, high initial investment, high production rates, and inflexibility.
• Programmable automation can change operations with a program, and has lower production rates versus fixed automation.
• Flexible automation is capable of making variety of products, requires high investment, and is suitable for mass production.

Applications of CAD/CAM

• Geometric modeling for complex product modeling and documentation.
• Design engineering analysis for stress, heat transfer, dynamics, and optimization.
• Design evaluation and review using automatic dimensioning and interference checking.
• Manufacturing database creation using documentation like dimensions and material specifications.
• Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) to improve production planning.
• Interactive graphics NC part programming to develop G- and M-codes.
• Finely tuned production planning.
• Material requirements planning (MRP).
• Shop floor control.
• Computer-aided inspection and quality control.