Cachexia and Pathophysiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What primarily carries out the inflammatory response in acute inflammation?

Cells of the innate immune system (correct)

Platelets

Cells of the adaptive immune system

Endothelial cells

When is acute inflammation initiated?

Immediately upon injury or microbial invasion and lasts for months

Hours to days and resides within weeks of the original injury or microbial invasion

Seconds to minutes and resides within days of the original injury or microbial invasion (correct)

Weeks to months and resides within years of the original injury or microbial invasion

What are the primary functions of inflammation?

Neutralization and elimination of micro-organisms, and promotion of tissue repair (correct)

Stimulation of tumor growth and metastasis

Induction of fever and pain

Prevention of blood clotting and scar formation

Which signaling molecules coordinate the inflammatory response?

Cytokines and chemokines Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of chronic inflammation?

To eliminate the cause of cell injury, clear necrotic cells and tissues, and initiate tissue repair Signup and view all the answers

What are hypersensitivity reactions primarily related to?

Immune system responses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells immediately secrete histamine, causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

Mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic manifestation of acute inflammation?

Localized heat, swelling, pain, and redness Signup and view all the answers

What can Neutrophils produce to capture micro-organisms during inflammation?

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Signup and view all the answers

What defines chronic inflammation?

Inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer, characterized by excessive immune cell infiltration Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic inflammation?

Excessive tissue damage and promotion of cancer development Signup and view all the answers

What can professional antigen presenting cells do during inflammation?

Present fragments of foreign material to T helper cells to induce adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves T cell-mediated destruction of target cells and takes 48-72 hours to develop?

Type IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of HIV infection and destruction?

CD4+ T helper cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the viral glycoprotein that binds to CD4 and facilitates HIV entry into host cells?

gp120 Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme used by HIV to insert its genetic information into the host genome?

Integrase Signup and view all the answers

What is the metabolic disorder characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy, affecting a significant percentage of cancer patients?

Cachexia Signup and view all the answers

What are AIDS patients more susceptible to, in terms of infections and cancers?

Tuberculosis and Kaposi sarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the production of antigen-antibody complexes deposited in blood vessels or extravascular tissues?

Type III Signup and view all the answers

What is the major mechanism involved in Type II hypersensitivity?

Complement activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Type I hypersensitivity?

Mast cell degranulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor contributing to neonates' susceptibility to serious bacterial infections?

Maternal antibody transfer Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the formation of multinucleated giant cells surrounded by a wall of lymphocytes and collagen to form fibrous capsules?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of chronic inflammation linked to cancer development?

Promotion of DNA mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of muscle wasting and impaired function in cachexia?

Increased myofibril protein degradation, apoptosis, and impaired regenerative capacity of cells Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to energy imbalance in cancer cachexia?

Inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and factors released from tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the microbiota primarily composed of?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the microbiota in the human body?

Preventing colonization of pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of immune and cardiovascular systems, and increasing nutrient acquisition from food Signup and view all the answers

What does epigenetics involve?

Modifications of gene expression without altering the genetic sequence Signup and view all the answers

What have alterations in the microbiota been associated with?

Diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and certain cancers Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes incidence in epidemiology?

The development of new cases Signup and view all the answers

When is it preferable to use incidence rate instead of risk in epidemiological studies?

In case of a dynamic population or in cases where the observation period is sufficiently long for competing risks or loss to follow-up to play a significant role Signup and view all the answers

What does prevalence in epidemiology primarily reflect?

The burden of disease on a population Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what is affected by both the number of incident cases and the length of disease time?

Prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using incidence rate in epidemiological studies?

To account for competing risks or loss to follow-up in dynamic populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the social determinants of health according to the text?

Quality of living and working conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on disadvantaged individuals according to the text?

They are more likely to contract and succumb to COVID-19 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of governments in shaping the social determinants of health according to the text?

They create policies, laws, and regulations that influence living and working conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the social determinants of health and health inequalities according to the text?

The quality of social determinants of health explains the wide health inequalities Signup and view all the answers

What best explains how Canada compares to other nations in overall health according to the text?

Public policies that influence living conditions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cachexia and Emerging Concepts in Pathophysiology

Cachexia is characterized by abnormal energy balance, resulting from decreased energy input and/or increased energy output
Patients with cachexia consume fewer calories and experience less efficient energy production in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Muscle wasting and impaired function in cachexia is due to increased myofibril protein degradation, apoptosis, and impaired regenerative capacity of cells
Inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and factors released from tumor cells contribute to energy imbalance in cancer cachexia
Emerging concepts in pathophysiology include the role of microbiota and epigenetics
Microbiota refers to the collection of micro-organisms associated with the human body, primarily consisting of bacteria
The human body contains 10 times more bacteria than human cells, with the gastrointestinal tract containing the greatest amount
The microbiome, the collection of genes expressed by microbiota, is much greater than the collection of genes coded for by human DNA
The microbiota performs functions such as preventing colonization of pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of immune and cardiovascular systems, and increasing nutrient acquisition from food
Alterations in the microbiota have been associated with diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and certain cancers
Epigenetics involves modifications of gene expression without altering the genetic sequence, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation
Epigenetic changes occur naturally, are required for normal gene functioning, and have been linked to diseases, especially cancers

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Description

Test your knowledge of cachexia and emerging concepts in pathophysiology with this quiz. Explore the role of energy imbalance, inflammation, microbiota, and epigenetics in conditions such as cancer cachexia. Gain insight into muscle wasting, altered microbiota, and epigenetic modifications in various diseases.