Cabang-Cabang Ilmu Saraf: Jenis dan Pengertian

Branches of Neuroscience

• Molecular Neuroscience: study of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying neural function and behavior
• ** Cellular Neuroscience**: study of the structure and function of neurons and glial cells
• Cognitive Neuroscience: study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and behavior
• Systems Neuroscience: study of the neural systems and networks that govern behavior
• Behavioral Neuroscience: study of the neural mechanisms underlying behavior and behavioral disorders
• Clinical Neuroscience: study of the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders

Structure of the Nervous System

• Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body
• Somatic Nervous System: voluntary motor control
• Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary motor control (e.g. heart rate, digestion)

Neuron Structure and Function

• Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons
• Cell Body: contains the nucleus and maintains the cell
• Axon: carries signals away from the cell body
• Terminal Buttons: release neurotransmitters to transmit signals
• Synapse: gap between the terminal button and the next neuron

Neurotransmission

• Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons
• Excitatory Neurotransmitters: increase the likelihood of the next neuron firing (e.g. glutamate, dopamine)
• Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: decrease the likelihood of the next neuron firing (e.g. GABA, serotonin)

Brain Regions and Functions

• Cerebrum: processes sensory information, controls movement, and manages higher-level cognitive functions
• Cerebellum: coordinates movement and balance
• Brainstem: regulates basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
• Frontal Lobe: executive function, decision-making, and motor control
• Parietal Lobe: processes sensory information related to touch and spatial awareness
• Temporal Lobe: processes auditory information and memory
• Occipital Lobe: processes visual information

Neuroplasticity and Neurodevelopment

• Neuroplasticity: the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt throughout life
• Synaptic Pruning: the process of eliminating unnecessary neural connections
• Neurogenesis: the growth of new neurons in the brain
• Neuronal Migration: the movement of neurons to their final position in the brain during development

Cabang-cabang Neurosains

• Neurobiologi Molekuler: mempelajari mekanisme genetik dan molekuler yang mendasari fungsi dan perilaku neural
• Neurobiologi Seluler: mempelajari struktur dan fungsi neuron dan sel glial
• Neurobiologi Kognitif: mempelajari mekanisme neural yang mendasari kognisi dan perilaku
• Neurobiologi Sistem: mempelajari sistem dan jaringan neural yang mengatur perilaku
• Neurobiologi Perilaku: mempelajari mekanisme neural yang mendasari perilaku dan gangguan perilaku
• Neurobiologi Klinis: mempelajari diagnosis dan pengobatan gangguan neurologis

Struktur Sistem Saraf

• Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP): otak dan sumsum tulang belakang
• Sistem Saraf Perifer (SSP): saraf yang menghubungkan SSP dengan bagian tubuh lainnya
• Sistem Saraf Somatik: kontrol motor voluntary
• Sistem Saraf Otonom: kontrol motor tidak sukarela (misalnya, denyut jantung, pencernaan)

Struktur dan Fungsi Neuron

• Dendrit: menerima sinyal dari neuron lain
• Badan Sel: berisi inti dan mempertahankan sel
• Aksom: membawa sinyal menjauh dari badan sel
• Bantalan Terminal: melepaskan neurotransmitter untuk mengirimkan sinyal
• Sinaps: celah antara bantalan terminal dan neuron berikutnya

Neurotransmisi

• Neurotransmitter: pesan kimia yang mengirimkan sinyal antar neuron
• Neurotransmitter Ekstitor: meningkatkan kemungkinan neuron berikutnya terpicu (misalnya, glutamat, dopamin)
• Neurotransmitter Inhibitor: mengurangi kemungkinan neuron berikutnya terpicu (misalnya, GABA, serotonin)

Wilayah Otak dan Fungsi

• Serebrum: memproses informasi sensorik, mengontrol gerakan, dan mengelola fungsi kognitif tingkat tinggi
• Serebelum: mengkoordinasikan gerakan dan keseimbangan
• Batang Otak: mengatur fungsi dasar seperti pernapasan, denyut jantung, dan tekanan darah
• Lobus Frontal: fungsi eksekutif, pengambilan keputusan, dan kontrol motor
• Lobus Parietal: memproses informasi sensorik terkait sentuhan dan kesadaran spatial
• Lobus Temporal: memproses informasi auditori dan memori
• Lobus Oksipital: memproses informasi visual

Neuroplastisitas dan Neurogenesik

• Neuroplastisitas: kemampuan otak untuk reorganisasi dan beradaptasi sepanjang hidup
• Pemotongan Sinaps: proses menghilangkan koneksi neural yang tidak perlu
• Neurogenesis: pertumbuhan neuron baru di otak
• Migrasi Neuron: gerakan neuron ke posisi akhir di otak selama perkembangan