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Questions and Answers
What is gene regulation necessary for?
What is gene regulation necessary for?
To ensure expression of genes in an accurate pattern during various developmental stages and to create differences among distinct cell types.
Which type of transcription factor is required for the binding of RNA polymerase to the core promoter?
Which type of transcription factor is required for the binding of RNA polymerase to the core promoter?
The binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer decreases the rate of transcription.
The binding of a transcription factor to an enhancer decreases the rate of transcription.
False
What is the effect of a transcription factor binding to a silencer?
What is the effect of a transcription factor binding to a silencer?
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What are the three common ways the function of regulatory transcription factors can be modulated?
What are the three common ways the function of regulatory transcription factors can be modulated?
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Which of the following types of hormones influence nutrient metabolism?
Which of the following types of hormones influence nutrient metabolism?
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What effect does the closed chromatin conformation have on transcription?
What effect does the closed chromatin conformation have on transcription?
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What is the role of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes?
What is the role of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes?
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Study Notes
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
- Gene regulation ensures accurate gene expression during different developmental stages and creates diverse cell types.
- Gene regulation is achieved through transcription factors, which are proteins influencing RNA polymerase's ability to transcribe genes.
- General transcription factors are essential for RNA polymerase binding to the core promoter and initiating transcription.
- Regulatory transcription factors control the transcription rate of specific genes, influencing RNA polymerase's ability to start transcription.
- Enhancers are DNA sequences where transcription factors bind to increase transcription rates, leading to up-regulation.
- Silencers are DNA sequences where transcription factors bind to decrease transcription rates, leading to down-regulation.
- Combinatorial control of gene expression is achieved by multiple factors, including activators, repressors, and their interactions.
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Regulatory transcription factors can be modulated through:
- Binding of small effector molecules, such as hormones
- Protein-protein interactions
- Covalent modifications, like phosphorylation
- Steroid hormones, like glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids, influence cellular responses through glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), serving as enhancers to activate multiple genes.
- Chromatin remodeling refers to dynamic changes in chromatin structure influencing gene expression.
- ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling is carried out by multi-protein machines repositioning and restructuring nucleosomes.
- Chromatin structure affects gene expression, switching between closed conformation, where tightly packed chromatin limits transcription, and open conformation, where accessible chromatin allows transcription.
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ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes utilize DNA translocases, like SWI/SNF, ISWI, INO80, and Mi-2, to change chromatin structure in three ways:
- Changing nucleosome position
- Evicting histone octamers from DNA
- Replacing histone variants
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