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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of transporters for HCO3- in the inner membrane of cyanobacteria?
What is the primary function of transporters for HCO3- in the inner membrane of cyanobacteria?
What structural feature do carboxysomes possess?
What structural feature do carboxysomes possess?
Which enzyme is packed into carboxysomes for carbon fixation?
Which enzyme is packed into carboxysomes for carbon fixation?
What type of transporters do thylakoids have to assist in carbon processing?
What type of transporters do thylakoids have to assist in carbon processing?
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Why are bicarbonate transporters considered for improving leaf photosynthesis in C3 crops?
Why are bicarbonate transporters considered for improving leaf photosynthesis in C3 crops?
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What is the primary function of pyrenoids in cyanobacteria?
What is the primary function of pyrenoids in cyanobacteria?
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Which of the following structures is found interspersed within pyrenoids?
Which of the following structures is found interspersed within pyrenoids?
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What was revealed by the in situ cryo-electron tomography study of Chlamydomonas chloroplasts?
What was revealed by the in situ cryo-electron tomography study of Chlamydomonas chloroplasts?
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Which process is influenced by light modulating the electron flow in cyanobacteria?
Which process is influenced by light modulating the electron flow in cyanobacteria?
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What specific enzyme is crucial for the carbon fixation process in the chloroplasts of cyanobacteria?
What specific enzyme is crucial for the carbon fixation process in the chloroplasts of cyanobacteria?
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What temperature range primarily favors C3 plants over C4 plants?
What temperature range primarily favors C3 plants over C4 plants?
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Why has C4 photosynthesis not evolved universally in all plants?
Why has C4 photosynthesis not evolved universally in all plants?
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What is a key disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis compared to C3 photosynthesis?
What is a key disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis compared to C3 photosynthesis?
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At which temperature does photorespiration significantly increase for plants?
At which temperature does photorespiration significantly increase for plants?
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Which of the following scenarios would most benefit C4 plants?
Which of the following scenarios would most benefit C4 plants?
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What structures do C4 plants use to concentrate CO2?
What structures do C4 plants use to concentrate CO2?
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Which compound is primarily involved in the carboxylation reaction in C4 plants?
Which compound is primarily involved in the carboxylation reaction in C4 plants?
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In algae, where is CO2 concentrated?
In algae, where is CO2 concentrated?
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What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 concentration mechanisms?
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 concentration mechanisms?
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What protein is primarily involved in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
What protein is primarily involved in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
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Which of the following best describes pyrenoids in algae?
Which of the following best describes pyrenoids in algae?
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What type of organisms use carboxysomes for CO2 concentration?
What type of organisms use carboxysomes for CO2 concentration?
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What is the significance of using phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 plants?
What is the significance of using phosphoenolpyruvate in C4 plants?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of carboxysomes?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carboxysomes?
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What is the primary purpose of concentrating CO2 in C4 plants?
What is the primary purpose of concentrating CO2 in C4 plants?
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What is a primary characteristic of C4 plants in relation to CO2 assimilation?
What is a primary characteristic of C4 plants in relation to CO2 assimilation?
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What is the role of glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in the photorespiratory pathway?
What is the role of glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in the photorespiratory pathway?
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What is a potential strategy for engineering more efficient C3 plants?
What is a potential strategy for engineering more efficient C3 plants?
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What is the significance of centripetal microanatomy in C4 plants?
What is the significance of centripetal microanatomy in C4 plants?
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Which of the following is a common challenge that C3 plants face compared to C4 plants?
Which of the following is a common challenge that C3 plants face compared to C4 plants?
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What adaptation do C4 plants have that helps them perform better in warm climates?
What adaptation do C4 plants have that helps them perform better in warm climates?
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What is a potential consequence of introducing carboxysomes into C3 crops?
What is a potential consequence of introducing carboxysomes into C3 crops?
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What is the primary function of HCO3- transporters in the context of improving C3 plants?
What is the primary function of HCO3- transporters in the context of improving C3 plants?
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Study Notes
### Carbon Concentration Mechanisms
- Cyanobacteria use carboxysomes to concentrate CO2, these are icosahedral structures with a protein shell containing Rubisco
- C4 plants use PEP carboxylase for the primary carboxylation reaction, to concentrate CO2 upstream of Rubisco
- Many algae concentrate CO2 in pyrenoids within their chloroplasts
- Pyrenoids are highly packaged Rubisco, interspersed with thylakoid membranes
C3 vs C4 Photosynthesis
- C3 plants have an advantage at cool temperatures
- C4 plants have an advantage at high temperatures
- C4 plants require more energy than C3 plants
- More CO2 is available for C4 plants at high temperatures
- C4 plants have an advantage in full sunlight
### C3-C4 Intermediates
- C2 photosynthesis is a C3-C4 intermediate
- Photorespiratory glycine is transferred from mesophyll to bundle sheath cells, functioning as a two-celled photorespiratory CO2 pump
- Glycine decarboxylase only occurs in the mitochondria of bundle sheath cells
- Centripetal microanatomy facilitates reassimilation of CO2
### Engineering C3 Plants
- Potential strategies to engineer C3 plants
- Introduce HCO3- transporters, pyrenoids and carboxysomes to raise CO2 concentration at Rubisco
- Increase Rubisco selectivity
- Introduce synthetic or alternative carbon-fixation pathways
- Engineer more efficient photorespiration pathways
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Description
Explore the distinct carbon concentration mechanisms in C3 and C4 plants through this quiz. Learn about the role of structures like carboxysomes and pyrenoids, as well as the advantages and energy demands of each photosynthetic pathway. Test your knowledge on how these mechanisms adapt to different environments.
