C++ Structures Module 4 Quiz

Module 4: Structures

• This module focuses on structures in programming, specifically in C++.
• Structures are groups of elements with different data types.
• Each element is identified by a unique identifier (member).
• Structures can be thought of as objects without member functions.
• Structures store data items of varied types.
• Structure variables hold values like other variables.
• Structure values are a collection of smaller values (member values).

Lesson 1: Structures

• Structures are a way to group different, related data types within a single variable.
• The "struct" keyword creates a structure type.
• Following the keyword is an identifier, which is the name of the structure.
• Inside curly braces, members (variables) are declared.
• Structure members can be different data types (e.g., char, int, float).

Declaring Structures in C++

• To declare a structure, use the struct keyword followed by the structure's name.
• Then, define member variables within curly braces, like defining a variable in C++.
• An example declares a "Person" structure with members for name (character array), age (integer), and salary (float).

Defining Structure Variables

• A structure variable can be defined once the structure is declared by using the structure name followed by the name of the variable.
• Only then does memory allocation by the compiler ensure storage.

Accessing Structure Members

• Access members using the dot operator (.).
• Example: bill.age = 50; to access the age member of the bill structure.

C++ Struct Example

• Includes iostream for input/output.
• Uses the std namespace.
• Defines a Rectangle structure with width and height members.
• Demonstrates how to access and display these members in a main function.

C++ Struct Example 2

• Defines a Person structure with name, age, and salary members.
• Shows how to take input for these members.
• Displays the entered information as output.

Structure Variable Access Specifier

• If no access specifier is declared, structures have a public access specifier by default.
• Instances of a structure are known as structure variables.

Array of Structures

• Like other data types, structures can be organized into arrays.
• Example shows creating an array of Point structures (x and y integers) and initializing values.

Lesson 2: Structures as an Argument

• This lesson explores passing structures as arguments to functions.
• Structures can be passed as arguments in similar ways to how normal variables are passed.
• Passing structures wholly is one method; passing the components separately is another.

Structures as Function Arguments

• Structure variables can be passed as arguments to a function in two ways.
• Pass individual members of the structure to a function or the entire structure to the function.
• Illustrative examples are provided using both call by value and call by reference methods.

Example: Passing Structures

• Shows how to pass a structure as an argument to a function
• Example shows how to use a function prototype and pass data using 'Person' structure.

Call By Value and Call By Reference

• Call by value creates a copy of the variable, while call by reference uses the original variable itself.
• Changes made in a function using call by value do not affect the original variable.
• Conversely, changes in a function using call by reference will update the original variable.
• Examples demonstrate using structures with both call types.

Pass Structure using Call By Value and Call By Reference Methods

• Practical examples using structures to illustrate call by value and call by reference methods when passing structures as arguments.
• Includes structure definition, function prototypes, and main functions for demonstration.

References

• Provides a list of external resources for further study on C++ structures and related topics. Various online tutorials and documentation.