C# Programming in Unity

• These notes cover C# programming, focusing on its use with Unity for game development.
• Emphasis is placed on foundational aspects, scripting in Unity, and visual scripting techniques.

What is C#?

• Is a commonly used language for development on the .NET platform
• The .NET platform is cross-platform, and builds applications on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
• C# code's versatility allows it to function on various devices and platforms.

Course Focus

• The course will focus on C# and its application within the Unity platform.
• Both fundamental C# concepts and how they apply to programming in Unity will be discussed.
• Visual Studio is the primary IDE as it is the most compatible with Unity.

Setting up Visual Studio for Unity

• Ensure both the Unity engine and Visual Studio IDE are installed within Unity Hub.
• Open the "installs" tab to view installed editors.
• Access "add modules" via the gear icon next to the Unity install to ensure Visual Studio is installed for the engine.
• If Visual Studio is not installed, select it and click the install button.
• VSCode and Visual Studio are different IDEs.

Creating a C# Script file

• Create a simple script to ensure the Visual Studio module is set up correctly.
• Begin by creating a new project in Unity Hub.
• Choose "Universal 3D" as the Core for the project.
• Create a folder in the Assets folder to organize scripts.
• The first method is by selecting Assets | Create | Scripting | MonoBehavior Script.
• You can create a script by clicking the "+" symbol under the Project tab, and selecting a script.
• Scripts can be created by right-clicking in the assets folder for a specific folder location.
• Adding a component to a GameObject is the last method.
• In the Inspector section, select Add Component, and type “script” to add a new script.

Writing Your First script

• After setting up a new project, create a MonoBehavior C# script in the designated folder.
• Open the script in Visual Studio Editor via double clicking.
• Visual Studio Community opens with the new script.
• Write a simple script to test, like Debug.Log(“Hello World!”) under the Start() method.
• Save then close Visual Studio.
• Attach the script to a GameObject, such as attaching it to the default camera.
• In the Inspector go to Add Component and look for the new script.
• Save the current project, and click the play icon to start the game.
• “Hello World!” message appears at the bottom of the editor as confirmation.

Variables in C#

• Variables are containers for assigning reusable values in code.
• C# variables typically hold strings, integers, and Boolean values.
• Variables are manipulated via scripts or in the Inspector within Unity.
• Variables are created by defining the data type and name, while assigning a value using : datatype variableName = value;
• C# makes use of the "=" symbol for assigning values.
• Variables must have the correct data types assigned to be initialized.
• Variables can be printed to the Unity debug console.
• You can check the output by attaching the script to a GameObject and running the game.
• Variables can be declared without an initial value, but will often give a placeholder value.
• Placeholder values vary with data type, like null for strings, 0 for numbers, and false for Booleans.
• Python variable names are case sensitive.
• The variable name “playerName” ≠ “PlayerName.”
• C# variable names must start with a letter or underscore.
• Variable names can include Unicode and decimal characters.
• Camel Case is a common convention for naming variables.
• Variable names should be descriptive for identification in the Unity editor.

Naming Conventions

• Camel Case: myName, playerHealth, phyAttackDmg
• Pascal Case: MyName, PlayerHealth, PhyAttackDmg
• Snake Case: my_name, player_health, phy_attack_dmg

Comments in C#

• Single line comments added using "//".
  • // This method increases the player’s health
• Multiple line comments added using "/* */".
  • / This method
    controls the level transition for the
    player /

Common data Types

• Integers (int)
• Float (float)
• Characters (char)
• Strings (string)
• Boolean (bool)

Integer Types

• Integers store whole numbers.
• Signed 32-bit, with the ability to store positive and negative values.
• Represented as decimals, hexadecimals, or binary values.
  • int dec = 54;
  • int hex = 0x2B;
  • int bin = 0b_0011_1100;

Float Types

• Float data types represent floating point values.
• Signed 32-bit, capable of storing positive and negative values.
• Combines with integers, resulting in a floating-point number. -* float flt = 34.56;*
  • double dbl = 10020.329;

Character Types

• A single Unicode UTF-16 character.
• Written with a character literal, Unicode, or hexadecimal escape sequence.
  • char letter = ‘z’
  • char unicode = ‘\u007A’

String Types

• A String class object with a text value.
• A sequence of characters with available keywords and methods for defining strings.
  • string text = “Hello”;
  • System.String greeting = “Good Morning”;
  • char[] letters = {‘H’, ‘i’, ‘!’};
  • string alphabet = new String(letters);

Boolean Types

• Must store either a true or false Boolean value.
• Results from comparison and equality operators.
• Commonly utilized in conditional operators.
  • bool result = true;
  • bool comparison = true & false;

Operator Types

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators

Arithmetic Operators

• Addition (+): Adds values; x + y
• Subtraction (-): Subtracts values; x - y
• Multiplication (*): Multiplies values; x * y
• Division (/): Divides values; x / y
• Modulus (%): Remainder of division; x % y
• Increment (++): Increases by 1; x++
• Decrement (--): Decreases by 1; x--

Comparison Operators

• Equal to (==): x == y
• Not equal (!=): x != y
• Greater than (>): x > y
• *Less than ( y"
• Greater than or equal to (>=): x >= y
• *Less than or equal to (= 10;
• while (x >= 1) {*
• Console.WriteLine(x);*
• x--;*
• }*

For Loop

• The short loop that condenses initialization, condition, and loop changes in one line.
• for (int x = 0; x <= 10; x++) {* Console.WriteLine(x);
• }*