C# Programming Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the Garbage Collector in C#?

  • To enforce type checking at compile time
  • To enhance asynchronous execution through task-based modeling
  • To optimize memory consumption by identifying and removing unused objects (correct)
  • To implement Code Access Security (CAS) within an application

Which of the following is a characteristic of C#'s strong type system?

  • It allows for flexible type casting at runtime
  • It supports only primitive types
  • It enforces type checking at compile time (correct)
  • It ignores type-related errors during execution

What is the purpose of the 'async' and 'await' keywords in C#?

  • To enhance type-based operations through pattern matching
  • To implement Code Access Security (CAS) within an application
  • To facilitate efficient asynchronous execution with reduced thread-related overhead (correct)
  • To enable multithreading for improved performance

What is the significance of C# 7.0 onward introducing 'pattern matching'?

<p>It enhances type-based operations and handling of types (C)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of Code Access Security (CAS) in C#?

<p>To define and enforce permissions for varying levels of privilege within an application (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of the Main method in a C# program?

<p>To serve as the entry point for program execution (C)</p>
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What is the data type that represents a single Unicode character in C#?

<p>char (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of Namespaces in a C# program?

<p>To group related classes and types together (A)</p>
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What is the primary purpose of the == operator in C#?

<p>To compare the references of two objects in memory (D)</p>
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How does the == operator behave for value types in C#?

<p>It compares the actual values of the two objects (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of the var keyword in C#?

<p>To reduce redundancy in code (D)</p>
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What is the key difference between const and readonly fields in C#?

<p>Const fields can be assigned a value at declaration, while readonly fields can be assigned a value in the constructor (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of the checked and unchecked keywords in C#?

<p>To enable or disable overflow checking for arithmetic operations (D)</p>
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What is the primary mechanism for handling errors in C#?

<p>All of the above (D)</p>
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What is the role of the Garbage Collector (GC) in .NET?

<p>To automate memory management (D)</p>
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When should exceptions be used in C#?

<p>For unexpected errors and exceptions (D)</p>
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What is the purpose of the Cards.dll file in the Solitaire game?

<p>To provide visual resources and support specific functionalities for the game (B)</p>
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What is the main difference between float and double in C#?

<p>double is used for precision financial and monetary calculations (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of the '?' operator in C# nullable types?

<p>To perform a null-conditional operation (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of a namespace in C#?

<p>To organize code and prevent naming conflicts (A)</p>
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What is the difference between boxing and unboxing in C#?

<p>Boxing converts a value type to a reference type, and unboxing converts a reference type to a value type (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of the 'as' operator in C#?

<p>To optimize type casting by returning null if the conversion is not possible (B)</p>
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What is the purpose of the 'is' operator in C#?

<p>To test whether an object is compatible with a specific type (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of using directives in C#?

<p>To avoid long, repetitive code (C)</p>
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What is the purpose of type casting in C#?

<p>To convert data types explicitly or implicitly (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of operators in C#?

<p>To perform bit-level operations (A)</p>
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Study Notes

C# Overview

  • C# is an object-oriented, multi-paradigm programming language developed by Microsoft as part of its .NET initiative.
  • Widely used for developing applications targeting the Windows ecosystem.
  • Uses Garbage Collector (GC) for automatic memory management, optimizing memory consumption.

Key Features

  • Strong type system that enforces type checking at compile time, reducing data-related errors.
  • Pattern matching introduced in C# 7.0 for efficient type-based operations.
  • Task-based model for asynchronous execution using async and await keywords, mitigating thread-related overhead.

Security

  • Historically used Code Access Security (CAS) for defining and enforcing permissions within an application.
  • CAS has been phased out in newer .NET versions, but C# remains renowned for its robust security features.

Basic Structure

  • C# program consists of Namespaces, Classes, Methods, Variables, Keywords for types, Statements, Directives, and the Main method.

Data Types

  • Various data types, including:
    • Boolean (true/false)
    • Char (single Unicode character)
    • Numeric types (byte, short, int, long, float, double)
    • Object type (base type for all other types)
    • String type (for text storage)
    • Struct, enum, Nullable, tuple, valueTuple, and others

Value Types and Reference Types

  • Value Types: store values directly in memory
  • Reference Types: store references to memory locations

Namespaces

  • Organize code, prevent naming conflicts, and allow for better code management
  • Can be nested for further organization
  • Members can be made more or less accessible using access modifiers

Type Casting

  • Boxing: converting value type to reference type
  • Unboxing: converting reference type to value type
  • Explicit casting: manual conversion with potential data loss
  • Implicit casting: automatic conversion by C# compiler

Operators

  • Symbols or keywords for specific program actions (arithmetic, logical, assignment)
  • == operator: compare two objects for reference equality
  • .Equals() method: compare actual values of two objects

var Keyword

  • Introduced in C# 3.0 for reducing redundancy
  • Use with caution to prevent type confusion

Immutable Fields

  • const: initialized at declaration and unalterable
  • readonly: assigned value at constructor or declaration and unalterable

Error Handling

  • Traditional exception handling and contemporary asynchronous error management strategies
  • checked and unchecked keywords: ensure predictable behavior for arithmetic operations

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