C Programming Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

Match the following data types with their descriptions:

int = decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5 float = whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3 char = single characters, e.g., 'a', 'B' double = large decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14159

Match the following control structures with their descriptions:

if = execute code if condition is true, else execute alternative code switch = execute code if condition is true if-else = execute code based on multiple conditions loop = execute code repeatedly based on a condition

Match the following qualifiers with their descriptions:

const = optimizer hint, pointer is the only access to the variable volatile = constant value, cannot be changed restrict = value can be changed externally, e.g., by hardware static = variable is shared among multiple instances

Match the following derived data types with their descriptions:

<p>array = collection of values of different types struct = collection of values of the same type enum = collection of values of different types union = collection of values of the same type</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their descriptions:

<p>void = return type of a function that returns no value int = return type of a function that returns a whole number float = return type of a function that returns a decimal number char = return type of a function that returns a single character</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following control structures with their descriptions:

<p>while (condition) { code } = execute code at least once, then repeat while condition is true for (init; condition; increment) { code } = execute code while condition is true do { code } while (condition) = execute code with initialization, condition, and increment if (condition) { code } = exit the current loop or switch statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following function types with their descriptions:

<p>Library Functions = custom functions defined by the programmer User-Defined Functions = built-in functions, e.g., printf, scanf void function-name (parameter-list) = declare a function with a return type and parameters function-name (argument-list) = call a function with arguments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pointer operations with their descriptions:

<p>&amp; = dereference operator, returns the value at the memory address</p> <ul> <li>= address-of operator, returns the memory address of a variable pointer = &amp;variable = assign a value to the variable pointed to by the pointer *pointer = value = assign the address of a variable to a pointer</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following jump statements with their descriptions:

<p>break = exit the current function and return a value continue = exit the current loop or switch statement return = skip to the next iteration of the loop goto = jump to a labeled statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following function arguments with their descriptions:

<p>Pass by Value = pass a pointer to the argument to the function Pass by Reference = pass a copy of the argument to the function type* pointer-name = declare a function with a return type and parameters function-name (argument-list) = call a function with arguments</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Data Types

  • Primitive Data Types:
    • int: whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3
    • float: decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5
    • char: single characters, e.g., 'a', 'B'
    • double: large decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14159
    • void: no value, used for functions that return no value
  • Derived Data Types:
    • array: collection of values of the same type, e.g., int scores[5]
    • struct: collection of values of different types, e.g., struct person { int age; char name[20]; }
    • enum: enumeration of named values, e.g., enum color { red, green, blue }
  • Qualifiers:
    • const: constant value, cannot be changed
    • volatile: value can be changed externally, e.g., by hardware
    • restrict: optimizer hint, pointer is the only access to the variable

Control Structures

  • Conditional Statements:
    • if (condition) { code }: execute code if condition is true
    • if (condition) { code } else { code }: execute code if condition is true, else execute alternative code
    • switch (expression) { case value: code; break; ... }: execute code based on the value of the expression
  • Loops:
    • while (condition) { code }: execute code while condition is true
    • for (init; condition; increment) { code }: execute code with initialization, condition, and increment
    • do { code } while (condition): execute code at least once, then repeat while condition is true
  • Jump Statements:
    • break: exit the current loop or switch statement
    • continue: skip to the next iteration of the loop
    • return: exit the current function and return a value
    • goto: jump to a labeled statement

Functions

  • Function Declaration:
    • return-type function-name (parameter-list) { code }: declare a function with a return type and parameters
  • Function Call:
    • function-name (argument-list): call a function with arguments
  • Function Types:
    • Library Functions: built-in functions, e.g., printf, scanf
    • User-Defined Functions: custom functions defined by the programmer
  • Function Arguments:
    • Pass by Value: pass a copy of the argument to the function
    • Pass by Reference: pass a pointer to the argument to the function

Pointers

  • Pointer Declaration:
    • type* pointer-name: declare a pointer to a type
  • Pointer Operations:
    • &: address-of operator, returns the memory address of a variable
    • *: dereference operator, returns the value at the memory address
    • pointer = &variable: assign the address of a variable to a pointer
    • *pointer = value: assign a value to the variable pointed to by the pointer
  • Pointer Arithmetic:
    • pointer++: increment the pointer to point to the next element
    • pointer--: decrement the pointer to point to the previous element
    • pointer + offset: calculate the address of an element at an offset from the pointer

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