C Programming Fundamentals

Variables and Data Types

• In C, a variable is a named storage location that holds a value.
• Variables have a specific data type, which determines the type of value they can hold.
• Basic data types in C:
  • int: whole numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.
  • float: decimal numbers, e.g. 3.14, -0.5, etc.
  • char: single characters, e.g. 'a', 'B', etc.
  • double: double precision decimal numbers, e.g. 3.14159, -0.50001, etc.
• Derived data types in C:
  • array: a collection of values of the same type, e.g. int scores[5];
  • struct: a collection of values of different types, e.g. struct person { int age; char name[20]; };
  • pointer: a variable that holds the memory address of another variable, e.g. int *ptr;

Operators

• Arithmetic operators:
  • + addition
  • - subtraction
  • * multiplication
  • / division
  • % modulus (remainder)
  • ++ increment
  • -- decrement
• Comparison operators:
  • == equal to
  • != not equal to
  • > greater than
  • < less than
  • >= greater than or equal to
  • <= less than or equal to
• Logical operators:
  • && logical AND
  • || logical OR
  • ! logical NOT
• Assignment operators:
  • = assignment
  • += addition assignment
  • -= subtraction assignment
  • *= multiplication assignment
  • /= division assignment
  • %= modulus assignment

Control Flow

• Conditional statements:
  • if statement: if (condition) { code to execute; }
  • if-else statement: if (condition) { code to execute; } else { code to execute; }
• Loops:
  • while loop: while (condition) { code to execute; }
  • for loop: for (init; condition; increment) { code to execute; }
• Jump statements:
  • break statement: exits the current loop or switch statement
  • continue statement: skips the current iteration of the loop
  • return statement: exits the current function and returns a value

Functions

• A function is a block of code that can be called multiple times from different parts of the program.
• Functions can take arguments, which are values passed to the function when it is called.
• Functions can return values, which are passed back to the calling code.
• Functions can be declared with a specific return type, e.g. int add(int, int);

Input/Output

• stdio library provides functions for input/output operations:
  • scanf() function: reads input from the user
  • printf() function: prints output to the screen
• Format specifiers:
  • %d for integers
  • %f for floats
  • %c for characters
  • %s for strings

Arrays and Strings

• Arrays:
  • A collection of values of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations.
  • Declared using the [] syntax, e.g. int scores[5];
  • Accessed using the index, e.g. scores[0] = 10;
• Strings:
  • A sequence of characters, terminated by a null character (\0).
  • Declared using the [] syntax, e.g. char name[20];
  • Manipulated using string functions, e.g. strcpy(), strcat(), strlen()

Pointers

• A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable.
• Declared using the * syntax, e.g. int *ptr;
• Accessed using the dereference operator (*), e.g. int x = 10; int *ptr = &x; printf("%d", *ptr);
• Pointer arithmetic:
  • ptr++ increments the pointer to point to the next memory location
  • ptr-- decrements the pointer to point to the previous memory location
  • ptr + n points to the memory location n steps ahead of the current pointer
  • ptr - n points to the memory location n steps behind the current pointer

Computer Science and Engineering (100 Marks)

Unit-I: Digital Electronics

• Number systems and conversions
• Codes: Binary, Hexadecimal, etc.
• Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XOR
• Boolean Expressions
• De-Morgan's theorems
• K-Map
• Combinational Circuits
• Adders, Encoders, and Decoders
• Multiplexers and De-multiplexers
• Latches and Flip-flops
• Edge and Level triggering
• Counters and Registers
• Semiconductor memories

Unit-II: Microprocessors

• 8086 Microprocessor architecture
• Segmentation concepts
• Instruction set of 8086
• Instruction formats
• Addressing modes of 8086
• Interrupts
• Assembly Language Programming
• Peripheral devices and interfacing
• Intel 8255, 8257, 8251A, and 8279

Unit-III: Computer Organization

• Functional blocks of a Digital Computer
• Stored program concept
• Fixed point and Floating point number representations
• Instruction formats
• Addressing modes
• Memory hierarchy
• Virtual memory and Associative memory
• Cache memory
• I/O Organization
• Modes of data transfer: Programmed I/O, DMA, and Interrupt initiated I/O
• Pipeline and Vector processing
• Flynn's classification

Unit-IV: C Programming and Data Structures

• Algorithms
• Flowcharts
• C Tokens
• Data types
• Operators and expressions
• Precedence and Associativity of operators
• Type conversions
• Control statements
• Arrays
• Memory allocations
• Strings
• Functions and parameter passing
• Pointers
• Structures and Unions
• Storage classes
• Preprocessor directive statements
• Files
• Data Structures: Abstract Data Types, Time and Space complexities
• Stacks and Queues
• Linked Lists
• Binary trees
• Tree traversal techniques
• Sorting: Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Quick, and Merge sorts
• Searching: Sequential and Binary search techniques

Unit-V: Computer Hardware & Networking

• BIOS
• Components of Motherboard
• Processors
• Hard Disk Drives
• Input & Output devices
• Networking
• Classification of networks
• OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model
• Network topologies: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, and Hybrid
• LAN components: Coaxial, Twisted pair, Optical fiber cables, and Connectors
• LAN devices: Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, NIC, Routers, and Modems
• TCP/IP addressing scheme
• IP address classes
• IP Sub-netting
• Linux commands

Unit-VI: Operating Systems

• Operating System concepts
• Services
• Types
• System calls
• Process Management
• CPU scheduling algorithms: FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority, and Multilevel scheduling
• Threads
• Semaphores
• Inter Process Communication
• Deadlocks
• Memory Management
• Overlays
• Paging
• Segmentation
• Virtual memory
• Page replacement algorithms: FIFO, LRU, and Optimal
• Thrashing
• Disk scheduling
• Disk scheduling algorithms: FIFO, SSJF, SCAN, and C-SCAN
• File management
• File operations
• Access methods
• Directory structure

Unit-VII: RDBMS

• Concepts of Database systems
• Data abstraction
• Data independence
• Data models
• E-R model
• Structure of Relational database
• DDL, DML, and DCL commands
• Keys
• Normal Forms: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and BCNF
• SQL
• Data types
• Operators
• Joins
• Views
• Sequences
• Synonyms and indexes
• PL/SQL
• Data types
• Control structures
• Cursor management
• Triggers
• Exceptions
• Functions
• Procedures
• Recursion and packages

Unit-VIII: Object Oriented Programming Through C++

• Concepts of OOPs
• Classes and objects
• Constructors and destructors
• Function overloading and Operator overloading
• Inheritance types
• Virtual functions
• Friend functions
• Inline functions
• This pointer
• I/O manipulators
• File and I/O functions
• Templates

Mathematics (50 Marks)

Unit-I: Matrices

• Matrices: Definition, Types, and Algebra
• Transpose of a matrix
• Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
• Minor and cofactor of an element
• Determinant of a square matrix
• Properties of determinants
• Laplace's expansion
• Singular and non-singular matrices
• Adjoint and multiplicative inverse of a square matrix
• System of linear equations in 3 variables
• Solutions by Cramer's rule, Matrix inversion method, and Gauss-Jordan method
• Partial Fractions
• Resolving a given rational function into partial fractions

Unit-II: Trigonometry

• Properties of Trigonometric functions
• Ratios of Compound angles, multiple angles, and sub multiple angles
• Transformations of Products into sum or difference and vice versa
• Properties of triangles
• Sine rule, cosine rule, tangent rule, and projection rule
• Solution of a triangle when three sides, two sides and an included angle, or one side and two angles are given
• Inverse Trigonometric functions and Hyperbolic functions

Unit-III: Analytical Geometry

• Straight Lines: different forms, distance of a point from a line, angle between two lines, and intersection of two non-parallel lines
• Distance between two parallel lines
• Complex Numbers: Definition, Modulus, amplitude, and conjugate of complex number
• Arithmetic operations on complex numbers
• Modulus-Amplitude form (Polar form) and Euler form (exponential form)