C Programming Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a variable in C?

To declare a function

To perform arithmetic operations

To define a data type

To hold a value (correct)

Which of the following is a derived data type in C?

float

int

char

array (correct)

What is the operator for modulus (remainder) in C?

% (correct)

What is the purpose of the `double` data type in C?

To store decimal numbers with higher precision Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the `++` operator in C?

Increment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a semaphore in Operating Systems?

To synchronize access to shared resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of IP sub-netting in Computer Networking?

To divide a network into smaller sub-networks Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a bridge in Computer Networking?

To connect two networks of different topologies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the E-R model in Database Systems?

To define relationships between entities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of constructor in Object Oriented Programming?

To initialize an object Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Round Robin scheduling algorithm in Operating Systems?

To allocate CPU time to processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a repeater in Computer Networking?

To amplify weak signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of normalization in Database Systems?

To reduce data redundancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a multiplexer in digital electronics?

To select one of several input signals and forward it to a single output Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a matrix in linear algebra?

A matrix is a table of values with a specific number of rows and columns. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a latch in digital electronics?

To store data temporarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the transpose of a matrix?

To swap the rows and columns of a matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Flynn's classification in computer organization?

Classification of computer architectures Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method used to solve a system of linear equations with 3 variables?

Cramer's rule. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a queue data structure?

To implement a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of resolving a given rational function into partial fractions?

Partial Fractions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the property of a trigonometric function that describes the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse?

Sine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pipeline in computer organization?

To increase the speed of instruction execution Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of a complex number in mathematics?

A number that can be expressed as a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a registers in computer organization?

To store data temporarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a binary tree data structure?

To store data in a hierarchical manner Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to find the distance of a point from a line in analytical geometry?

Distance = |(y2 - y1)x1 - (x2 - x1)y1 + x2y1 - x1y2| / sqrt((y2 - y1)^2 + (x2 - x1)^2). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a counter in digital electronics?

To count the number of input pulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of finding the angle between two lines in analytical geometry?

Tan(A) = (m2 - m1) / (1 + m2*m1). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Variables and Data Types

In C, a variable is a named storage location that holds a value.
Variables have a specific data type, which determines the type of value they can hold.
Basic data types in C:
- int: whole numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.
- float: decimal numbers, e.g. 3.14, -0.5, etc.
- char: single characters, e.g. 'a', 'B', etc.
- double: double precision decimal numbers, e.g. 3.14159, -0.50001, etc.
Derived data types in C:
- array: a collection of values of the same type, e.g. int scores[5];
- struct: a collection of values of different types, e.g. struct person { int age; char name[20]; };
- pointer: a variable that holds the memory address of another variable, e.g. int *ptr;

Operators

Arithmetic operators:
- + addition
- - subtraction
- * multiplication
- / division
- % modulus (remainder)
- ++ increment
- -- decrement
Comparison operators:
- == equal to
- != not equal to
- > greater than
- < less than
- >= greater than or equal to
- <= less than or equal to
Logical operators:
- && logical AND
- || logical OR
- ! logical NOT
Assignment operators:
- = assignment
- += addition assignment
- -= subtraction assignment
- *= multiplication assignment
- /= division assignment
- %= modulus assignment

Control Flow

Conditional statements:
- if statement: if (condition) { code to execute; }
- if-else statement: if (condition) { code to execute; } else { code to execute; }
Loops:
- while loop: while (condition) { code to execute; }
- for loop: for (init; condition; increment) { code to execute; }
Jump statements:
- break statement: exits the current loop or switch statement
- continue statement: skips the current iteration of the loop
- return statement: exits the current function and returns a value

Functions

A function is a block of code that can be called multiple times from different parts of the program.
Functions can take arguments, which are values passed to the function when it is called.
Functions can return values, which are passed back to the calling code.
Functions can be declared with a specific return type, e.g. int add(int, int);

Input/Output

stdio library provides functions for input/output operations:
- scanf() function: reads input from the user
- printf() function: prints output to the screen
Format specifiers:
- %d for integers
- %f for floats
- %c for characters
- %s for strings

Arrays and Strings

Arrays:
- A collection of values of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations.
- Declared using the [] syntax, e.g. int scores[5];
- Accessed using the index, e.g. scores[0] = 10;
Strings:
- A sequence of characters, terminated by a null character (\0).
- Declared using the [] syntax, e.g. char name[20];
- Manipulated using string functions, e.g. strcpy(), strcat(), strlen()

Pointers

A pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable.
Declared using the * syntax, e.g. int *ptr;
Accessed using the dereference operator (*), e.g. int x = 10; int *ptr = &x; printf("%d", *ptr);
Pointer arithmetic:
- ptr++ increments the pointer to point to the next memory location
- ptr-- decrements the pointer to point to the previous memory location
- ptr + n points to the memory location n steps ahead of the current pointer
- ptr - n points to the memory location n steps behind the current pointer

Computer Science and Engineering (100 Marks)

Unit-I: Digital Electronics

Number systems and conversions
Codes: Binary, Hexadecimal, etc.
Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XOR
Boolean Expressions
De-Morgan's theorems
K-Map
Combinational Circuits
Adders, Encoders, and Decoders
Multiplexers and De-multiplexers
Latches and Flip-flops
Edge and Level triggering
Counters and Registers
Semiconductor memories

Unit-II: Microprocessors

8086 Microprocessor architecture
Segmentation concepts
Instruction set of 8086
Instruction formats
Addressing modes of 8086
Interrupts
Assembly Language Programming
Peripheral devices and interfacing
Intel 8255, 8257, 8251A, and 8279

Unit-III: Computer Organization

Functional blocks of a Digital Computer
Stored program concept
Fixed point and Floating point number representations
Instruction formats
Addressing modes
Memory hierarchy
Virtual memory and Associative memory
Cache memory
I/O Organization
Modes of data transfer: Programmed I/O, DMA, and Interrupt initiated I/O
Pipeline and Vector processing
Flynn's classification

Unit-IV: C Programming and Data Structures

Algorithms
Flowcharts
C Tokens
Data types
Operators and expressions
Precedence and Associativity of operators
Type conversions
Control statements
Arrays
Memory allocations
Strings
Functions and parameter passing
Pointers
Structures and Unions
Storage classes
Preprocessor directive statements
Files
Data Structures: Abstract Data Types, Time and Space complexities
Stacks and Queues
Linked Lists
Binary trees
Tree traversal techniques
Sorting: Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Quick, and Merge sorts
Searching: Sequential and Binary search techniques

Unit-V: Computer Hardware & Networking

BIOS
Components of Motherboard
Processors
Hard Disk Drives
Input & Output devices
Networking
Classification of networks
OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model
Network topologies: Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, and Hybrid
LAN components: Coaxial, Twisted pair, Optical fiber cables, and Connectors
LAN devices: Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, NIC, Routers, and Modems
TCP/IP addressing scheme
IP address classes
IP Sub-netting
Linux commands

Unit-VI: Operating Systems

Operating System concepts
Services
Types
System calls
Process Management
CPU scheduling algorithms: FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, Priority, and Multilevel scheduling
Threads
Semaphores
Inter Process Communication
Deadlocks
Memory Management
Overlays
Paging
Segmentation
Virtual memory
Page replacement algorithms: FIFO, LRU, and Optimal
Thrashing
Disk scheduling
Disk scheduling algorithms: FIFO, SSJF, SCAN, and C-SCAN
File management
File operations
Access methods
Directory structure

Unit-VII: RDBMS

Concepts of Database systems
Data abstraction
Data independence
Data models
E-R model
Structure of Relational database
DDL, DML, and DCL commands
Keys
Normal Forms: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and BCNF
SQL
Data types
Operators
Joins
Views
Sequences
Synonyms and indexes
PL/SQL
Data types
Control structures
Cursor management
Triggers
Exceptions
Functions
Procedures
Recursion and packages

Unit-VIII: Object Oriented Programming Through C++

Concepts of OOPs
Classes and objects
Constructors and destructors
Function overloading and Operator overloading
Inheritance types
Virtual functions
Friend functions
Inline functions
This pointer
I/O manipulators
File and I/O functions
Templates

Mathematics (50 Marks)

Unit-I: Matrices

Matrices: Definition, Types, and Algebra
Transpose of a matrix
Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices
Minor and cofactor of an element
Determinant of a square matrix
Properties of determinants
Laplace's expansion
Singular and non-singular matrices
Adjoint and multiplicative inverse of a square matrix
System of linear equations in 3 variables
Solutions by Cramer's rule, Matrix inversion method, and Gauss-Jordan method
Partial Fractions
Resolving a given rational function into partial fractions

Unit-II: Trigonometry

Properties of Trigonometric functions
Ratios of Compound angles, multiple angles, and sub multiple angles
Transformations of Products into sum or difference and vice versa
Properties of triangles
Sine rule, cosine rule, tangent rule, and projection rule
Solution of a triangle when three sides, two sides and an included angle, or one side and two angles are given
Inverse Trigonometric functions and Hyperbolic functions

Unit-III: Analytical Geometry

Straight Lines: different forms, distance of a point from a line, angle between two lines, and intersection of two non-parallel lines
Distance between two parallel lines
Complex Numbers: Definition, Modulus, amplitude, and conjugate of complex number
Arithmetic operations on complex numbers
Modulus-Amplitude form (Polar form) and Euler form (exponential form)

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Test your knowledge of C programming basics, including variables, data types, operators, control flow, functions, input/output, arrays, strings, and pointers.