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Questions and Answers
What is a primary difference between call by value and call by reference in C functions?
What is a primary difference between call by value and call by reference in C functions?
- Call by value updates the original variable, while call by reference does not.
- Call by value is faster than call by reference because it uses less memory.
- Call by value can only be used with primitive data types.
- Call by value sends a copy of the variable, while call by reference sends the address of the variable. (correct)
Which storage class in C preserves the value of a variable even after its scope has ended?
Which storage class in C preserves the value of a variable even after its scope has ended?
- Automatic
- Register
- Static (correct)
- External (global)
What is the correct usage of macros with arguments in C?
What is the correct usage of macros with arguments in C?
- Macros are evaluated at runtime.
- Macros cannot contain arguments.
- Macros can take parameters, but they cannot be nested.
- Macros with arguments are defined with the #define directive followed by parameters in parentheses. (correct)
In pointer arithmetic, what happens when you increment a pointer to an integer in C?
In pointer arithmetic, what happens when you increment a pointer to an integer in C?
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What is the purpose of the # and ## operators in C macros?
What is the purpose of the # and ## operators in C macros?
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Study Notes
C Functions
- Declaration: Defines the function's return type, name, and parameters.
- Definition: Contains the actual code that the function executes.
- Scope: Refers to the accessibility of a function within a program.
- Recursion: A function calling itself to solve a problem.
- Call by value: Passes a copy of the argument to the function.
- Call by reference: Passes the address of the argument to the function.
Preprocessor Directives
- #define: Defines a macro, which can be a constant or a code snippet.
- Macros with arguments: Allows for flexible substitution based on provided inputs.
- Nested Macros: Macros can be defined within other macros.
- # and ## operators: Used for string concatenation and token pasting within macros.
Storage Classes
- Automatic: Variables declared within a function, exist only during the function's execution.
- External (global): Variables declared outside any function, accessible from anywhere in the program.
- Static: Variables retain their value across function calls, they are not accessible from outside their scope.
- Register: Variables are stored in the processor's registers for faster access.
Arrays
- 1D Arrays: Linear data structure storing elements of the same data type.
- 2D Arrays: Multi-dimensional data structure representing a grid of elements.
- Strings: Arrays of characters representing textual data.
Pointers
- Basic Pointers: Variables that store memory addresses of other variables.
- Pointer Arithmetic: Mathematical operations involving pointers to navigate memory locations.
- Pointer to Pointer: Pointer variables that store the address of another pointer.
- Array & Pointer Relationship: Arrays can be treated as pointers, they store the address of the first element.
- Array of Pointers: Arrays containing pointers to different data locations.
- Pointers to functions: Pointers that hold the address of a function, enabling function calls through pointers.
- Returning Pointers: Functions can return pointers to dynamically allocated memory or other data structures.
Dynamic Memory Allocation
- Provides the ability to allocate memory during runtime as needed.
- Allows for flexible data structures and efficient resource management.
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