C# Programming Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the parts of a C# program structure?

Namespace declaration, a class, class methods, class attributes, a Main method, statements and expressions, comments.

What is the use of the 'new' keyword in C#?

It is used to create objects and invoke constructors, as well as create instances of anonymous types.

What does the 'sealed' keyword do in C#?

It prevents other classes from inheriting from a sealed class and can also be used on methods to prevent overriding.

What does the 'this' keyword refer to in C#?

<p>It refers to the current instance of the class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'static' keyword signify?

<p>It declares a static member that belongs to the type itself rather than a specific object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you create a string object in C#?

<p>By assigning a string literal to a String variable, using a String class constructor, or using the string concatenation operator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What properties are available in the String class?

<p>Chars and Length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a namespace in C#?

<p>To keep one set of names separate from another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exception handling keywords in C#?

<p>try, catch, finally, and throw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'try' keyword do?

<p>It identifies a block of code where exceptions may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'catch' keyword indicate?

<p>It indicates that an exception is being handled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'finally' keyword?

<p>To execute a block of code regardless of whether an exception was thrown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of the 'throw' keyword?

<p>To throw an exception when a problem occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an abstract class in C#?

<p>A class that cannot be instantiated and provides a common definition for derived classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an interface in C#?

<p>A syntactical contract that defines members that classes must implement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of arrays in C#?

<p>To store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does declaring an array look like in C#?

<p>Using a datatype followed by [] and the array name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are values assigned to array elements in C#?

<p>Using the index number or during the declaration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collection classes in C#?

<p>To provide specialized classes for data storage and retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Hashtable in C#?

<p>A collection of key-and-value pairs organized by hash code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Stack in C#?

<p>A last-in, first-out collection of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Queue in C#?

<p>A first-in, first-out collection of objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

C# Program Structure

A C# program consists of a namespace declaration, a class, methods within the class, class attributes like variables and properties, a Main method for execution, statements and expressions that define program logic, and comments for explanations.

The "new" Keyword

The "new" keyword is used to create objects in C#, which are instances of classes. It is also used to call constructors and create instances of anonymous types.

The "sealed" Keyword

The "sealed" keyword modifies a class to prevent inheritance, making it a final class.

The "this" Keyword

The "this" keyword refers to the current instance of the class within the class itself.

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The "static" Keyword

The "static" keyword defines members (like fields, methods, or properties) that belong to the class itself, not individual objects.

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Strings in C#

Strings in C# represent sequences of characters.

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Creating a String Object

String objects can be created by directly assigning a string literal (e.g., "Hello"), using the String class constructor, concatenating existing strings, invoking methods that return strings, or formatting values into strings.

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Properties of the String Class

The Chars property allows access to individual characters within a string, while Length returns the total number of characters in the string.

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Namespace

Namespaces in C# provide a way to organize and group related classes and code. They help avoid naming conflicts between different parts of a program.

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Using Keyword

The using keyword indicates that the program will utilize names from the specified namespace.

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The "abstract" Keyword

The abstract keyword defines incomplete classes or members, requiring derived classes to provide complete implementations.

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Abstract Classes

Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and serve as a base for derived classes. They can declare abstract methods, which derived classes must implement.

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Virtual Methods

Virtual methods allow derived classes to override the implementation of base class methods, ensuring consistent functionality across object sets.

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Declaring Interfaces

Interfaces are declared with the interface keyword and define a contract that classes must adhere to, specifying the actions a class must provide.

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Interface

Interfaces represent a contract, focusing on 'what' should be implemented, leaving the 'how' to the derived classes. They contain member declarations without implementations.

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Exception

Exceptions represent issues or errors that occur during program execution, such as division by zero or file access errors.

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Exception Handling Keywords

Keywords like try, catch, finally, and throw are used to handle exceptions in C#.

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try

The try block encloses a block of code where exceptions might occur.

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catch

The catch block handles specific exceptions that occur within the try block.

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finally

The finally block executes code regardless of whether an exception was thrown, ensuring important operations are completed.

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throw

The throw keyword initiates an exception when a problem arises in the program.

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Exception Classes

C# exceptions are classes derived from System.Exception.

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Handling Exceptions

C# employs try and catch blocks to structure exception handling, separating core logic from error handling.

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Throwing Objects

Objects derived from System.Exception can be thrown in a catch block using the throw statement.

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Arrays in C#

Arrays are fixed-size collections of elements of the same type, storing data in contiguous memory locations.

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Declaring Arrays

Arrays are declared using the datatype, followed by square brackets to specify size (rank) and the array name.

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Initializing Arrays

Arrays require initialization with the new keyword and values assigned either during declaration or individually after.

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Assigning Values to an Array

Values are assigned to individual elements in an array using their position or index.

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Collections in C#

Collections provide dynamic storage and retrieval of data, supporting various structures like stacks, queues, and lists.

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Classes of the System.Collections Namespace

Specialized classes like ArrayList, HashTable, Stack, and Queue are part of the System.Collections namespace, offering different data organization strategies.

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ArrayList

An ArrayList is an ordered, indexable collection that dynamically resizes to fit the current number of items.

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HashTable

A HashTable stores data in key-value pairs, using hash codes for quick access based on keys.

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Stack

A Stack represents a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) collection, adding items with "push" and removing with "pop."

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Queue

A Queue is a First-In, First-Out (FIFO) collection, adding items with "enqueue" and removing with "dequeue."

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Study Notes

Program Structure

  • A C# program includes a namespace declaration, a class, class methods, class attributes, a Main method, statements and expressions, and comments.

"new" Keyword

  • The "new" keyword is utilized to create objects, invoke constructors, and create instances of anonymous types.
  • It invokes the default constructor for value types.

"sealed" Keyword

  • The "sealed" modifier prevents other classes from inheriting from a sealed class.
  • Can be applied to methods or properties to prevent overriding of virtual methods in derived classes.

"this" Keyword

  • Refers to the current instance of the class and modifies the first parameter of an extension method.

"static" Keyword

  • Declares static members that belong to the type itself, not to instances.
  • Applicable to classes, fields, methods, properties, operators, events, and constructors (not indexers or finalizers).

Strings

  • Strings are essentially arrays of characters but commonly declared using the string keyword, an alias for System.String.

Creating a String Object

  • Can be created by assigning a string literal, using a String class constructor, concatenating strings, invoking a method that returns a string, or formatting a value/object to convert to a string.

Properties of the String Class

  • Chars: Accesses the Char object at a specified position.
  • Length: Returns the number of characters in the string.

Namespace

  • Provides a way to separate sets of names to avoid conflicts between classes with identical names.

Using Keyword

  • Indicates that the program utilizes names from the specified namespace.

"abstract" Keyword

  • Creates incomplete classes or members that must be implemented in derived classes.

Abstract Classes

  • Cannot be instantiated and define a common base for multiple derived classes.
  • May declare abstract methods that derived classes must implement.

Virtual Method

  • Facilitates overriding base class implementations in derived classes for consistent functionality across object sets.

Declaring Interfaces

  • Interfaces are declared with the interface keyword and are public by default.

Interface

  • Represents a contract that classes must follow, defining 'what' should be implemented, leaving 'how' to the derived classes.
  • Contains member declarations without implementations.

Exception

  • Represents problems during program execution, such as attempts to divide by zero.

Exception Handling Keywords

  • Key terms include try, catch, finally, and throw.

try

  • Identifies a block of code where exceptions may occur, followed by catch blocks for handling.

catch

  • Handles specific exceptions where they occur, indicated by the catch keyword.

finally

  • Executes a set of statements regardless of whether an exception was thrown, ensuring critical operations are completed.

throw

  • Used to initiate an exception when an issue arises in the program.

Exception Classes

  • C# exceptions are represented by classes derived from System.Exception.
  • Includes System.ApplicationException and System.SystemException for application and predefined exceptions, respectively.

Handling Exceptions

  • C# employs try and catch blocks for structured exception handling, separating core statements from error-handling.

Throwing Objects

  • Objects derived from System.Exception can be thrown in a catch block using the throw statement.

Arrays in C#

  • An array is a fixed-size collection of same-type elements, stored in contiguous memory locations, accessed via indices.

Declaring Arrays

  • Declared using a datatype followed by [] to specify its rank (size) and name.

Initializing Arrays

  • Arrays require the new keyword for instantiation, and are initialized to assign values.

Assigning Values to an Array

  • Values can be assigned by index after declaration or during declaration with an initializer list.

Collections in C#

  • Specialized classes for data storage and retrieval, supporting stacks, queues, and lists.
  • Collection classes allow dynamic memory allocation and indexed access.

Classes of the System.Collection Namespace

  • Key classes include ArrayList, HashTable, Stack, and Queue.

ArrayList

  • An ordered, indexable collection that allows adding and removing items dynamically with automatic resizing.

HashTable

  • Collection of key-value pairs, organized via hash codes for quick access based on keys.

Stack

  • Represents a last-in, first-out (LIFO) collection, where adding items is "pushing" and removal is "popping".

Queue

  • Represents a first-in, first-out (FIFO) collection, where adding is "enqueue" and removal is "deque".

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Test your knowledge of C# programming concepts with these flashcards. Each card covers essential terminology and definitions that are key to understanding C#. Use these flashcards for quick revision or for learning new terms.

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