C++ Operators & Expressions Quiz

Operators & Expressions

• Operators perform mathematical or logical operations on data types known as operands.
• Expressions consist of constants, variables, and operators, yielding numeric values upon evaluation.
• C language supports various operators: arithmetic, logical, relational, etc.

Types of Operators

• Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic calculations (e.g., addition, subtraction).
• Increment & Decrement Operators: Unary operators modifying a single operand (e.g., ++, --).
• Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables using = (e.g., +=, -=).
• Relational Operators: Compare two operands returning true or false (e.g., <, >, >=).
• Logical Operators: Combine multiple conditions (e.g., &&, ||).
• Conditional Operators: Inline if-else operations (e.g., condition ? true : false).
• Bitwise Operators: Perform operations on binary representations of integers.
• Special Operators: Include unique functionalities like the comma operator that evaluates expressions from left to right.

Arithmetic Operators

• Execute basic math functions requiring two operands (binary operators).
• Common operations include:
  • Addition (+): a + b
  • Subtraction (-): a - b
  • Multiplication (*): a * b
  • Division (/): a / b
  • Modulus (%): Remainder of division (e.g., a % b).

Increment & Decrement Operators

• Operate on a single operand and can be used as:
  • Postfix notation (a++): Increments after the current expression.
  • Prefix notation (++a): Increments before the current expression.

Assignment Operators

• Assign values using =, with lower precedence than other operators.
• Variants include:
  • =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= for various operations.

Relational Operators

• Return Boolean results (true or false).
• Common operators:
  • <: Less than
  • >: Greater than
  • >=: Greater than or equal to
  • ==: Equal to

Comma Operator

• Links related expressions, evaluated left to right.
• Example: Value = (x = 2, y = 3, x + y); calculates in sequential order.

scanf() and getch() Functions

• scanf(): Reads various data types from user input using specific format specifiers (e.g., %d for integers, %f for floats).
• getch(): Accepts a character input without displaying it, used for hidden input functionality.

getchar() Function

• Similar to getch(), but displays the character after input.
• Helpful for scenarios requiring immediate feedback to the user.

Macros

• Macros are defined using #define and serve as shorthand for code snippets.
• They are type-neutral and inline, avoiding function call overhead.

Control Statements

• Guide program flow based on conditions and logic.
• Classified into three categories: Decision making, Looping, and Jumping statements.

Decision Making Statements

• Used to execute different logic based on whether a condition is true or false.
• Commonly implemented using if statements, including:
  • Simple if: Executes if a condition is true.
  • if-else: Provides an alternative execution path when condition is false.
  • Nested if...else: Handles multiple related conditions.

Example of Decision Making

• Control flow based on whether a number is positive or negative using if statements:
  • If condition evaluates true, execute specific block; otherwise execute the alternate block.

These notes encapsulate the fundamental aspects of operators, expressions, and control statements in C++, offering a comprehensive guide on their usage and functionality.

Test your knowledge of operators and expressions in C++. This quiz will cover the different categories of operators and their usage in mathematical and logical operations. Understanding these concepts is crucial for mastering C++ programming.